{"id":6461,"date":"2026-01-27T12:28:25","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T11:28:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6461"},"modified":"2026-01-27T12:37:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T11:37:32","slug":"jak-se-rodila-termodynamika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6461","title":{"rendered":"Jak se rodila termodynamika"},"content":{"rendered":"

Termodynamika se rod\u00ed v 18. stolet\u00ed, tedy do obdob\u00ed prudk\u00e9ho rozvoje parn\u00edch stroj\u016f. P\u00e1ra nebyla jen jedn\u00edm z mnoha technick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, ale kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zdrojem mechanick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce v pr\u016fmyslu, doprav\u011b i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b snaha zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost parn\u00edch stroj\u016f, sn\u00ed\u017eit spot\u0159ebu paliva a pochopit jejich fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed limity vytvo\u0159ila siln\u00fd impuls pro teoretick\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed tepla. Carnotovy \u00favahy vznikly p\u0159\u00edmo z anal\u00fdzy parn\u00edho stroje, Clapeyron reagoval na pot\u0159ebu p\u0159esn\u00fdch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f, Kelvin hledal univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu stroj\u016f a Clausius nakonec zobecnil tyto technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my do z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Termodynamika tak nevznikla abstraktn\u011b, ale jako odpov\u011b\u010f v\u011bdy na praktick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy parn\u00ed \u00e9ry, v n\u00ed\u017e se technika stala hlavn\u00edm motorem fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sadi Carnot \u2013 my\u0161lenkov\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek<\/h2>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku stoj\u00ed Sadi Carnot, kter\u00fd si jako prvn\u00ed systematicky polo\u017eil ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00e9 jsou teoretick\u00e9 meze \u00fa\u010dinnosti tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f. Ve spise R\u00e9flexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (1824) uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm stroji, ale pouze na teplot\u00e1ch, mezi nimi\u017e pracuje. Zavedl ide\u00e1ln\u00ed Carnot\u016fv cyklus a pojem vratn\u00e9ho d\u011bje.<\/p>\n

– Formuloval z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku termodynamiky (meze \u00fa\u010dinnosti),
\n– zavedl Carnot\u016fv cyklus jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed model,
\n– rozli\u0161il vratn\u00e9 a nevratn\u00e9 d\u011bje,
\n– pracoval je\u0161t\u011b v r\u00e1mci kalorick\u00e9 teorie tepla.<\/p>\n

\u00c9mile Clapeyron \u2013 matematick\u00e9 zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\u00c9mile Clapeyron nav\u00e1zal na Carnota a jeho kvalitativn\u00ed \u00favahy p\u0159evedl do matematick\u00e9ho a grafick\u00e9ho jazyka. Zavedl diagramy tlaku a objemu a formuloval vztahy, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily Carnotovu teorii prakticky pou\u017e\u00edvat a d\u00e1le rozv\u00edjet. D\u00edky n\u011bmu se termodynamika stala po\u010ditatelnou teori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

– Matematizoval Carnotovu teorii,
\n– zavedl P\u2013V diagramy,
\n– formuloval Clapeyronovu rovnici pro f\u00e1zov\u00e9 p\u0159echody,
\n– propojil teorii s technickou prax\u00ed.<\/p>\n

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) \u2013 absolutn\u00ed teplota a z\u00e1konn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Lord Kelvin odstranil jednu z posledn\u00edch nejasnost\u00ed ran\u00e9 termodynamiky zaveden\u00edm absolutn\u00ed teplotn\u00ed stupnice, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed l\u00e1tce. T\u00edm dal teorii univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko. Sou\u010dasn\u011b formuloval jednu z klasick\u00fdch podob druh\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona termodynamiky, kter\u00e1 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje nemo\u017enost \u00fapln\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011bny tepla na pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

– Zavedl absolutn\u00ed teplotn\u00ed stupnici (kelvin),
\n– formuloval Kelvinovo\u2013Planckovo zn\u011bn\u00ed druh\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona,
\n– propojil teorii s in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00fdmi aplikacemi,
\n– v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnil fyziku i technickou praxi 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Rudolf Clausius \u2013 definitivn\u00ed teoretick\u00e1 struktura<\/h2>\n

Rudolf Clausius dal termodynamice jej\u00ed modern\u00ed, exaktn\u00ed podobu. Opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm kalorick\u00e9 teorie a zaveden\u00edm pojmu entropie vytvo\u0159il konzistentn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd p\u0159esn\u011b popisuje sm\u011br a nevratnost p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u011bj\u016f. Jeho pr\u00e1ce spojila makroskopick\u00e9 z\u00e1kony s mikroskopick\u00fdm pohledem na l\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n

– Zavedl entropii jako stavovou veli\u010dinu,
\n– p\u0159esn\u011b formuloval prvn\u00ed a druh\u00fd z\u00e1kon termodynamiky,
\n– polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady kinetick\u00e9 teorie plyn\u016f,
\n– uzav\u0159el termodynamiku jako logicky konzistentn\u00ed teorii.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u00fd obraz v\u00fdvoje<\/h2>\n

Vznik termodynamiky lze ch\u00e1pat jako postupn\u00e9 zp\u0159es\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenky:<\/p>\n

– Carnot<\/a> \u2013 koncep\u010dn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka a ide\u00e1ln\u00ed model,
\n– Clapeyron<\/a> \u2013 matematick\u00fd apar\u00e1t,
\n– Kelvin<\/a> \u2013 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko a z\u00e1konn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed,
\n– Clausius<\/a> \u2013 entropie a fin\u00e1ln\u00ed teoretick\u00e1 struktura.<\/p>\n

Z praktick\u00fdch \u00favah o parn\u00edch stroj\u00edch tak vznikla jedna z nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch teori\u00ed fyziky, kter\u00e1 dodnes ur\u010duje na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed energie, tepla a nevratnosti p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u011bj\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Termodynamika se rod\u00ed v 18. stolet\u00ed, tedy do obdob\u00ed prudk\u00e9ho rozvoje parn\u00edch stroj\u016f. P\u00e1ra nebyla jen jedn\u00edm z mnoha technick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, ale kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zdrojem mechanick\u00e9 …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energie","category-teplo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6461"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6467,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6461\/revisions\/6467"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}