{"id":6455,"date":"1822-01-02T11:37:49","date_gmt":"1822-01-02T10:40:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6455"},"modified":"2026-01-27T11:45:17","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T10:45:17","slug":"rudolf-clausius","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6455","title":{"rendered":"Rudolf Clausius"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius se narodil 2. ledna 1822 v K\u00f6slinu (dne\u0161n\u00ed Koszalin v Polsku) a zem\u0159el 24. srpna 1888 v Bonnu. Byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd fyzik a matematik, kter\u00fd dal termodynamice jej\u00ed modern\u00ed, exaktn\u00ed a matematicky p\u0159esnou podobu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od Carnota a Kelvina byl Clausius systematick\u00fd teoretik, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo zbavit termodynamiku nejasnost\u00ed a postavit ji na jednozna\u010dn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n

Reformulace Carnotovy teorie<\/h2>\n

Clausius z\u00e1sadn\u011b p\u0159ehodnotil Carnotovu pr\u00e1ci pot\u00e9, co se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee kalorick\u00e1 teorie tepla je nespr\u00e1vn\u00e1. Teplo ch\u00e1pal jako formu energie, kter\u00e1 se m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat, nikoli jako zachov\u00e1vanou l\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady prvn\u00edho z\u00e1kona termodynamiky, jen\u017e spojuje teplo, pr\u00e1ci a vnit\u0159n\u00ed energii.<\/p>\n

Entropie a druh\u00fd z\u00e1kon termodynamiky<\/h2>\n

Zaveden\u00ed entropie<\/h3>\n

V roce 1865 Clausius zavedl pojem entropie<\/a> a ozna\u010dil jej symbolem S. Definoval ji jako stavovou veli\u010dinu, kter\u00e1 popisuje sm\u011br a nevratnost d\u011bj\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jeho slavn\u00e1 formulace druh\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona zn\u00ed:<\/p>\n

Entropie izolovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nem\u016f\u017ee klesat.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tato v\u011bta pat\u0159\u00ed k nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm princip\u016fm cel\u00e9 fyziky.<\/p>\n

Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam<\/h3>\n

Entropie dala p\u0159esn\u00fd matematick\u00fd v\u00fdznam pojm\u016fm, kter\u00e9 Carnot pouze intuitivn\u011b tu\u0161il:<\/p>\n

– nevratnost
\n– p\u0159irozen\u00fd sm\u011br d\u011bj\u016f
\n– omezen\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti stroj\u016f<\/p>\n

D\u00edky Clausiovi se termodynamika stala uzav\u0159enou a logicky konzistentn\u00ed teori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kinetick\u00e1 teorie plyn\u016f<\/h2>\n

Clausius byl rovn\u011b\u017e jedn\u00edm ze zakladatel\u016f kinetick\u00e9 teorie plyn\u016f. Zavedl pojem st\u0159edn\u00ed voln\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy molekul a v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k propojen\u00ed makroskopick\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f termodynamiky s mikroskopick\u00fdm pohledem na hmotu.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm p\u0159ipravil p\u016fdu pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rozvoj statistick\u00e9 fyziky.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam a odkaz<\/h2>\n

Rudolf Clausius je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejd\u016fsledn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho teoretika klasick\u00e9 termodynamiky. Zat\u00edmco Carnot polo\u017eil my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 z\u00e1klady a Kelvin dal teorii absolutn\u00ed m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko, Clausius vytvo\u0159il precizn\u00ed pojmov\u00fd a matematick\u00fd apar\u00e1t, bez n\u011bho\u017e by modern\u00ed fyzika nemohla fungovat.<\/p>\n

Spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed trojici kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch postav, na nich\u017e stoj\u00ed cel\u00e9 pojet\u00ed tepla, energie a nevratnosti p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u011bj\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius se narodil 2. ledna 1822 v K\u00f6slinu (dne\u0161n\u00ed Koszalin v Polsku) a zem\u0159el 24. srpna 1888 v Bonnu. Byl n\u011bmeck\u00fd fyzik …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6455","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6455"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6459,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6455\/revisions\/6459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}