{"id":6448,"date":"1701-11-27T11:30:13","date_gmt":"1701-11-27T10:32:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6448"},"modified":"2026-01-27T14:29:37","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T13:29:37","slug":"anders-celsius","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6448","title":{"rendered":"Anders Celsius"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anders Celsius se narodil 27. listopadu 1701 v Uppsale a zem\u0159el 25. dubna 1744 tamt\u00e9\u017e. Byl \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd astronom, fyzik a matematik, kter\u00fd se nesmazateln\u011b zapsal do d\u011bjin p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zaveden\u00edm teplotn\u00ed stupnice Celsius, dnes jedn\u00e9 z nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Poch\u00e1zel z v\u00fdrazn\u011b akademick\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 jeho otec Nils Celsius byl profesorem astronomie a n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f p\u016fsobilo na univerzit\u011b v Uppsale. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha pro n\u011bj byla p\u0159irozen\u00fdm pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm rodinn\u00e9 tradice.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a akademick\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra<\/h2>\n

Celsius studoval na Univerzit\u011b v Uppsale, kde se ji\u017e v mlad\u00e9m v\u011bku zam\u011b\u0159il na astronomii a matematiku. V roce 1730 byl jmenov\u00e1n profesorem astronomie, a to je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed dokon\u010den\u00edm rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch studijn\u00edch cest po Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem sv\u00fdch cest nav\u0161t\u00edvil p\u0159edn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 centra ve Francii, N\u011bmecku a It\u00e1lii, kde se sezn\u00e1mil s nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi m\u011b\u0159ic\u00edmi metodami a astronomick\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edstroji. Tyto zku\u0161enosti pozd\u011bji z\u00e1sadn\u011b ovlivnily jeho vlastn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n

Astronomie a geod\u00e9zie<\/h2>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed tvaru Zem\u011b<\/h3>\n

Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch Celsiusov\u00fdch projekt\u016f byla \u00fa\u010dast na francouzsko-\u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 expedici do Laponska (1736\u20131737), jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem bylo zm\u011b\u0159it d\u00e9lku poledn\u00edkov\u00e9ho oblouku v bl\u00edzkosti severn\u00edho p\u00f3lu. V\u00fdsledky expedice potvrdily Newtonovu teorii, \u017ee Zem\u011b je zplo\u0161t\u011bl\u00e1 na p\u00f3lech, nikoli prot\u00e1hl\u00e1, jak tvrdili n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed stoupenci kartezi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 fyziky.<\/p>\n

Tento v\u00fdzkum m\u011bl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam nejen pro astronomii, ale i pro geod\u00e9zii a kartografii.<\/p>\n

Observato\u0159 v Uppsale<\/h3>\n

Celsius se zaslou\u017eil o vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed astronomick\u00e9 observato\u0159e v Uppsale, dokon\u010den\u00e9 v roce 1741. Observato\u0159 se stala jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165 ve \u0160v\u00e9dsku a umo\u017enila systematick\u00e1 astronomick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni.<\/p>\n

Celsiova teplotn\u00ed stupnice<\/h2>\n

P\u016fvodn\u00ed definice stupnice<\/h3>\n

Celsius\u016fv nejtrvalej\u0161\u00ed odkaz souvis\u00ed s m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm teploty. V roce 1742 navrhl stupnici zalo\u017eenou na dvou snadno reprodukovateln\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch bodech:<\/p>\n

– bod varu vody
\n– bod t\u00e1n\u00ed ledu<\/p>\n

V p\u016fvodn\u00edm Celsiusov\u011b n\u00e1vrhu bylo 0 \u00b0C p\u0159i varu vody a 100 \u00b0C p\u0159i t\u00e1n\u00ed ledu, tedy opa\u010dn\u011b ne\u017e dnes. Smyslem bylo vytvo\u0159it univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed a opakovatelnou stupnici, nez\u00e1vislou na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm teplom\u011bru.<\/p>\n

Obr\u00e1cen\u00ed stupnice<\/h3>\n

Kr\u00e1tce po Celsiusov\u011b smrti byla stupnice obr\u00e1cena do dne\u0161n\u00ed podoby, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b z\u00e1sluhou Carla Linn\u00e9ho nebo jin\u00fdch \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f. Tato \u00faprava se uk\u00e1zala jako prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a rychle se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

Navzdory t\u00e9to zm\u011bn\u011b z\u016fstalo Celsiusovo jm\u00e9no se stupnic\u00ed pevn\u011b spojeno.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edstup k experimentu a m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Celsius kladl mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fraz na p\u0159esnost, reprodukovatelnost a standardizaci m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Zab\u00fdval se vlivem atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho tlaku na bod varu vody a upozor\u0148oval, \u017ee bez jeho zohledn\u011bn\u00ed nelze dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159esn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup jej \u0159ad\u00ed mezi pr\u016fkopn\u00edky modern\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziky.<\/p>\n

Smrt a v\u011bdeck\u00fd odkaz<\/h2>\n

Anders Celsius zem\u0159el pom\u011brn\u011b mlad\u00fd, ve v\u011bku 42 let, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na tuberkul\u00f3zu. P\u0159esto za sv\u016fj kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u017eivot v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnil astronomii, geod\u00e9zii i fyziku.<\/p>\n

Jeho jm\u00e9no dnes nese:<\/p>\n

– Celsiova teplotn\u00ed stupnice, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj fyziky, chemie i ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota
\n– kr\u00e1ter na M\u011bs\u00edci
\n– \u0159ada instituc\u00ed a v\u011bdeck\u00fdch odkaz\u016f ve Skandin\u00e1vii<\/p>\n

Celsius p\u0159edstavuje typ v\u011bdce osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed: p\u0159esn\u00e9ho experiment\u00e1tora, systematick\u00e9ho myslitele a zast\u00e1nce my\u0161lenky, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edrodu lze pochopit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a matematick\u00e9ho popisu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anders Celsius se narodil 27. listopadu 1701 v Uppsale a zem\u0159el 25. dubna 1744 tamt\u00e9\u017e. Byl \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd astronom, fyzik a matematik, kter\u00fd se nesmazateln\u011b zapsal …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6448","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6448","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6448"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6448\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6471,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6448\/revisions\/6471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6448"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6448"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6448"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}