{"id":6442,"date":"1796-06-01T08:47:19","date_gmt":"1796-06-01T07:49:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6442"},"modified":"2026-01-27T14:29:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T13:29:07","slug":"nicolas-leonard-sadi-carnot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6442","title":{"rendered":"Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot se narodil 1. \u010dervna 1796 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a zem\u0159el p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b 24. srpna 1832, rovn\u011b\u017e v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. Byl francouzsk\u00fd fyzik a in\u017een\u00fdr, jeho\u017e pr\u00e1ce polo\u017eila teoretick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady termodynamiky, p\u0159esto\u017ee za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota z\u016fstal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez pov\u0161imnut\u00ed. Ve francouzsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednu z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Poch\u00e1zel z v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rodiny \u2013 jeho otec Lazare Carnot byl matematik, in\u017een\u00fdr a politik, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201eorganiz\u00e1tor v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c b\u011bhem Francouzsk\u00e9 revoluce. Intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed rodiny m\u011blo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na Sadiho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed i zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a profesn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha<\/h2>\n

Carnot studoval na \u00c9cole polytechnique, elitn\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 technick\u00e9 \u0161kole, kde z\u00edskal hlubok\u00e9 znalosti matematiky, mechaniky a fyziky. N\u00e1sledn\u011b pokra\u010doval na \u00c9cole du g\u00e9nie de Metz, kde byl p\u0159ipravov\u00e1n na dr\u00e1hu vojensk\u00e9ho in\u017een\u00fdra.<\/p>\n

Jeho profesn\u00ed kari\u00e9ra v\u0161ak byla relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 a nen\u00e1padn\u00e1. V\u011bt\u0161inu \u017eivota p\u016fsobil v technick\u00fdch a administrativn\u00edch funkc\u00edch, bez v\u00fdrazn\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho z\u00e1zem\u00ed \u010di akademick\u00e9 pozice. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto vzniklo jeho kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 d\u00edlo mimo hlavn\u00ed proud tehdej\u0161\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9 v\u011bdy.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed d\u00edlo: \u00davahy o hnac\u00ed s\u00edle ohn\u011b<\/h2>\n

V roce 1824 vydal Carnot spis \u201eR\u00e9flexions sur la puissance motrice du feu\u201c (\u00davahy o hnac\u00ed s\u00edle ohn\u011b). V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci se zab\u00fdval ot\u00e1zkou, jak\u00e9 jsou teoretick\u00e9 meze \u00fa\u010dinnosti tepeln\u00fdch stroj\u016f, zejm\u00e9na parn\u00edch, kter\u00e9 v t\u00e9 dob\u011b hr\u00e1ly kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 revoluci.<\/p>\n

Carnot vych\u00e1zel z tehdy p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9 kalorick\u00e9 teorie tepla, podle n\u00ed\u017e je teplo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nezni\u010ditelnou l\u00e1tku. P\u0159esto dosp\u011bl k mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b obecn\u011b platn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se uk\u00e1zaly jako spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 i po opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to teorie.<\/p>\n

Carnot\u016fv cyklus a princip vratnosti<\/h2>\n

Carnot\u016fv cyklus<\/h3>\n

Carnot zavedl my\u0161lenkov\u00fd model ide\u00e1ln\u00edho tepeln\u00e9ho stroje, dnes zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Carnot\u016fv cyklus. Tento cyklus se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze \u010dty\u0159 vratn\u00fdch d\u011bj\u016f a p\u0159edstavuje nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd tepeln\u00fd stroj, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pracovat mezi dv\u011bma teplotn\u00edmi z\u00e1sobn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sadn\u00edm v\u00fdsledkem je zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fa\u010dinnost ide\u00e1ln\u00edho tepeln\u00e9ho stroje z\u00e1vis\u00ed pouze na teplot\u00e1ch oh\u0159\u00edva\u010de a chladi\u010de, nikoli na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tce. Tento princip se stal jedn\u00edm z pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f druh\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona termodynamiky.<\/p>\n

Vratn\u00e9 a nevratn\u00e9 d\u011bje<\/h3>\n

Carnot jako jeden z prvn\u00edch jasn\u011b rozli\u0161il vratn\u00e9 a nevratn\u00e9 procesy. Uv\u011bdomil si, \u017ee ztr\u00e1ty \u00fa\u010dinnosti nejsou d\u016fsledkem konstruk\u010dn\u00edch nedokonalost\u00ed, ale z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch d\u011bj\u016f. Tento koncept byl pozd\u011bji kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro form\u00e1ln\u00ed zaveden\u00ed entropie.<\/p>\n

Vliv na pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj termodynamiky<\/h2>\n

Carnotovo d\u00edlo bylo po jeho smrti na dlouhou dobu zapomenuto. Znovuobjeveno a pln\u011b docen\u011bno bylo a\u017e ve 30. a 40. letech 19. stolet\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci \u00c9mila Clapeyrona<\/a>, kter\u00fd Carnotovy my\u0161lenky matematicky rozvinul a zp\u0159\u00edstupnil \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na Carnota p\u0159\u00edmo nav\u00e1zali Rudolf Clausius a William Thomson (lord Kelvin), kte\u0159\u00ed formulovali druh\u00fd z\u00e1kon termodynamiky v modern\u00ed podob\u011b a zavedli pojem entropie. V tomto smyslu je Carnot pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zakladatele cel\u00e9 discipl\u00edny, p\u0159esto\u017ee s\u00e1m je\u0161t\u011b neznal jej\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pojmov\u00fd apar\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed\u010dasn\u00e1 smrt a v\u011bdeck\u00fd odkaz<\/h2>\n

Sadi Carnot zem\u0159el ve v\u011bku pouh\u00fdch 36 let, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b na n\u00e1sledky cholery, kter\u00e1 tehdy v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei zu\u0159ila. Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed smrt\u00ed si za\u010dal uv\u011bdomovat nedostatky kalorick\u00e9 teorie a ve sv\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch se p\u0159ibli\u017eoval modern\u00edmu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed tepla jako formy energie, tyto \u00favahy v\u0161ak ji\u017e nestihl publikovat.<\/p>\n

Dnes je Carnotovo jm\u00e9no pevn\u011b zakotveno ve fyzice i technice. Carnot\u016fv cyklus, Carnotova \u00fa\u010dinnost a Carnot\u016fv princip pat\u0159\u00ed k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm pojm\u016fm termodynamiky a jeho pr\u00e1ce je dodnes pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jednu z nejhlub\u0161\u00edch a nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch fyziky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot se narodil 1. \u010dervna 1796 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a zem\u0159el p\u0159ed\u010dasn\u011b 24. srpna 1832, rovn\u011b\u017e v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. Byl francouzsk\u00fd fyzik a in\u017een\u00fdr, …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6442"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6469,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6442\/revisions\/6469"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}