{"id":6436,"date":"1799-01-26T08:34:27","date_gmt":"1799-01-26T07:36:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6436"},"modified":"2026-01-27T14:47:10","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T13:47:10","slug":"emile-clapeyron","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6436","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9mile Clapeyron"},"content":{"rendered":"

Beno\u00eet Paul \u00c9mile Clapeyron se narodil 26. ledna 1799 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a zem\u0159el 28. ledna 1864 op\u011bt v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. Byl francouzsk\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr a fyzik, kter\u00fd je dnes pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednoho ze zakladatel\u016f termodynamiky a v\u00fdznamnou postavu francouzsk\u00e9 v\u011bdy 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Studoval nejprve na presti\u017en\u00ed \u00c9cole polytechnique v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei (1816\u20131818) a pot\u00e9 na \u00c9cole des mines de Paris, kde z\u00edskal odbornou p\u0159\u00edpravu jako in\u017een\u00fdr d\u016fln\u00edho t\u011b\u017eby a techniky. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed studi\u00ed v roce 1820 odjel spolu s Gabrielem Lam\u00e9m do Sankt Petersburgu v Rusku, kde p\u016fsobil jako u\u010ditel a in\u017een\u00fdr na \u00c9cole des Travaux Publics a pod\u00edlel se na v\u00fduce matematiky i konstrukci most\u016f a cest. Ve Francii po Revoluci 1830 se zapojil do rozvoje \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed dopravy jako technick\u00fd vedouc\u00ed projekt\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed trati z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ee do Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Profesn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha a akademick\u00e1 \u010dinnost<\/h2>\n

V roce 1844 se Clapeyron stal profesorem na \u00c9cole des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es (\u0160kola n\u00e1rodn\u00edch most\u016f a silnic), kde p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161el o stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed, mechanice a technice parn\u00edch stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n

V roce 1858 byl zvolen \u010dlenem Francouzsk\u00e9 akademie v\u011bd jako uzn\u00e1n\u00ed za sv\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 a technick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky. Jeho jm\u00e9no je tak\u00e9 vyryto mezi 72 jm\u00e9ny v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f na Eiffelov\u011b v\u011b\u017ei v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ednos k termodynamice<\/h2>\n

Clapeyronova nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce souvis\u00ed s rozvojem teorie tepla a termodynamiky. V roce 1834 publikoval \u201eM\u00e9moire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur\u201c (Pojem hnac\u00ed s\u00edly tepla), ve kter\u00e9m rozpracoval a zp\u0159\u00edstupnil my\u0161lenky Sadiho Carnota<\/a> a graficky je formuloval pomoc\u00ed diagram\u016f tlaku a objemu. Toto zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se pozd\u011bji stalo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem pro formulaci druh\u00e9 z\u00e1kona termodynamiky a pro anal\u00fdzy tepeln\u00fdch cykl\u016f.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to pr\u00e1ci poprv\u00e9 zavedl diagramy a matematick\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed pro tepeln\u00fd cyklus, kter\u00e9 se staly standardem pro popis Carnotova cyklu. Jeho p\u0159\u00edstupy v\u00fdrazn\u011b ovlivnily dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdce v\u010detn\u011b Clausiuse<\/a> a Thomsona (lord Kelvin)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Clapeyronova rovnice a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky<\/h2>\n

Clausius-Clapeyronova relace<\/h3>\n

Clapeyron formuloval obecnou Clapeyronovu rovnici, kter\u00e1 popisuje vztah mezi tlakem a teplotou b\u011bhem f\u00e1zov\u00fdch p\u0159echod\u016f (nap\u0159. p\u0159i vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed) a jej\u00ed\u017e zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 forma je dnes zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Clausius-Clapeyronova rovnice. Tato rovnice je fundament\u00e1ln\u00ed v termodynamice pro pochopen\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy mezi f\u00e1zemi a jej\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti na teplot\u011b a tlaku.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed oblasti<\/h3>\n

Krom\u011b termodynamiky se Clapeyron v\u011bnoval i jin\u00fdm oblastem fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed a technick\u00e9 v\u011bdy:<\/p>\n

– charakterizoval chov\u00e1n\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00edch plyn\u016f a pracoval na jejich rovnic\u00edch stavu, kter\u00e9 vedly k p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016fm dne\u0161n\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed plynov\u00e9 rovnice.<\/p>\n

Odkaz a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n

\u00c9mile Clapeyron je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kl\u00ed\u010dovou postavu ve formov\u00e1n\u00ed modern\u00ed termodynamiky \u2013 sv\u00fdm zp\u0159\u00edstupn\u011bn\u00edm Carnotov\u00fdch idej\u00ed a matematick\u00fdm apar\u00e1tem dal t\u00e9to v\u011bdn\u00ed discipl\u00edn\u011b pevn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n

V Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei i jinde ve Francii nesou po n\u011bm jm\u00e9na ulic a jeho jm\u00e9no je zachov\u00e1no v algebro-termodynamick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch vztah\u016f a diagram\u016f, kter\u00e9 nesou jeho jm\u00e9no.- zkoumal rovnov\u00e1hu homogenn\u00edch pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a statiku kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch nosn\u00edk\u016f (nap\u0159. tzv. Clapeyron\u016fv teor\u00e9m t\u0159\u00ed moment\u016f) v mechanice konstrukc\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Beno\u00eet Paul \u00c9mile Clapeyron se narodil 26. ledna 1799 v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a zem\u0159el 28. ledna 1864 op\u011bt v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. Byl francouzsk\u00fd in\u017een\u00fdr a fyzik, kter\u00fd …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6436"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6472,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6436\/revisions\/6472"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}