{"id":6427,"date":"1872-01-23T12:35:24","date_gmt":"1872-01-23T11:37:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6427"},"modified":"2026-01-22T12:44:36","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T11:44:36","slug":"6427","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6427","title":{"rendered":"Paul Langevin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Paul Langevin (23.1. 1872 \u2013 19.12. 1946) byl francouzsk\u00fd fyzik, kter\u00fd z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159isp\u011bl k rozvoji statistick\u00e9 fyziky, teorie relativity, magnetismu a aplikovan\u00e9 fyziky. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 postavy p\u0159echodu od klasick\u00e9 fyziky k fyzice 20. stolet\u00ed. Zast\u00e1val n\u00e1zor, \u017ee v\u011bda m\u00e1 spole\u010denskou odpov\u011bdnost. Aktivn\u011b vystupoval proti zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f a podporoval mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci v\u011bdc\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Narodil se v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a \u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9 kari\u00e9ry spojil s francouzsk\u00fdmi akademick\u00fdmi institucemi, zejm\u00e9na s Coll\u00e8ge de France a \u00c9cole de Physique et Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI).<\/p>\n

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Studium a formov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Studoval na \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure a \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed absolvoval v Cambridge, kde pracoval v laborato\u0159i J. J. Thomsona. Zde se sezn\u00e1mil s modern\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyzikou a s elektronovou teori\u00ed hmoty, kter\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnila jeho dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ci. <\/p>\n

Langevin byl intelektu\u00e1ln\u011b ovlivn\u011bn Henriem Poincar\u00e9m a pat\u0159il mezi prvn\u00ed fyziky ve Francii, kte\u0159\u00ed pln\u011b p\u0159ijali Einsteinovu speci\u00e1ln\u00ed teorii relativity. S Einsteinem<\/a> jej pojilo dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed i aktivn\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e1 podpora jeho teori\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdeck\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos<\/h2>\n

Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie relativity<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k popularizaci a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed interpretaci speci\u00e1ln\u00ed teorie relativity. Zd\u016fraz\u0148oval jej\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed konzistenci, \u010d\u00edm\u017e napomohl jej\u00edmu p\u0159ijet\u00ed ve francouzsk\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 komunit\u011b.<\/p>\n

Langevin\u016fv paradox (paradox dvoj\u010dat)<\/h3>\n

Langevin formuloval zn\u00e1m\u00fd my\u0161lenkov\u00fd experiment dnes ozna\u010dovan\u00fd jako paradox dvoj\u010dat. Vysv\u011btlil jej pomoc\u00ed asymetrie pohybu a zrychlen\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bl k hlub\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 dilatace v relativistick\u00e9 fyzice.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k statistick\u00e9 fyzice<\/h3>\n

Jedn\u00edm z jeho nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f je rozvoj statistick\u00e9ho popisu fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f, zejm\u00e9na propojen\u00ed mikroskopick\u00e9 dynamiky s makroskopick\u00fdmi termodynamick\u00fdmi veli\u010dinami.<\/p>\n

Langevinova rovnice a Brown\u016fv pohyb<\/h3>\n

Zavedl Langevinovu rovnici jako stochastick\u00fd diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed popis Brownova pohybu. Rovnice kombinuje deterministick\u00e9 disipativn\u00ed s\u00edly s n\u00e1hodn\u00fdmi fluktuacemi, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se stala z\u00e1kladn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem modern\u00ed teorie stochastick\u00fdch proces\u016f ve fyzice.<\/p>\n

Fluktuace, disipace a vztah k termodynamice<\/h3>\n

Langevinova pr\u00e1ce polo\u017eila z\u00e1klady vztahu mezi fluktuacemi a disipac\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl pozd\u011bji formalizov\u00e1n ve fluktua\u010dn\u011b-disipa\u010dn\u00edm teor\u00e9mu. Tento koncept je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v nerovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 fyzice.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky k magnetismu a paramagnetismu<\/h3>\n

Zab\u00fdval se mikroskopick\u00fdm p\u016fvodem magnetick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed l\u00e1tek a rozvinul klasickou teorii paramagnetismu zalo\u017eenou na orientaci magnetick\u00fdch moment\u016f v extern\u00edm poli.<\/p>\n

Langevinova teorie paramagnetismu<\/h3>\n

Jeho model popisuje z\u00e1vislost magnetizace na teplot\u011b a magnetick\u00e9m poli pomoc\u00ed statistick\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed orientac\u00ed dip\u00f3l\u016f. Teorie p\u0159edstavuje klasick\u00fd limit pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kvantov\u00fdch model\u016f magnetismu.<\/p>\n

Akustika a v\u00fdvoj sonaru<\/h3>\n

B\u011bhem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se pod\u00edlel na v\u00fdvoji ultrazvukov\u00fdch metod detekce ponorek, \u010d\u00edm\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bl ke vzniku z\u00e1klad\u016f modern\u00ed sonarov\u00e9 techniky.<\/p>\n

Odpor proti fa\u0161ismu<\/h2>\n

B\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byl pro sv\u00e9 postoje perzekvov\u00e1n nacistick\u00fdm re\u017eimem. Jeho politick\u00e1 anga\u017eovanost byla \u00fazce spojena s humanistick\u00fdm ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00edm role v\u011bdy ve spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Langevin ch\u00e1pal aplikovanou fyziku jako p\u0159irozen\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu a aktivn\u011b se pod\u00edlel na technologick\u00fdch projektech s praktick\u00fdm dopadem, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti akustiky a elektromagnetismu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Paul Langevin (23.1. 1872 \u2013 19.12. 1946) byl francouzsk\u00fd fyzik, kter\u00fd z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159isp\u011bl k rozvoji statistick\u00e9 fyziky, teorie relativity, magnetismu a aplikovan\u00e9 fyziky. Pat\u0159\u00ed …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6427"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6435,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6427\/revisions\/6435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}