{"id":6134,"date":"2025-10-08T09:57:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-08T07:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6134"},"modified":"2025-10-08T10:09:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-08T08:09:01","slug":"nobelova-cena-za-fyziku-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6134","title":{"rendered":"Nobelova cena za fyziku 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Leto\u0161n\u00ed laure\u00e1ti \u2013 John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret a John M. Martinis \u2013 posunuli hranice mezi mikroskopick\u00fdm a makroskopick\u00fdm sv\u011btem. Ve sv\u00fdch experimentech dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee podivn\u00e9 jevy zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z kvantov\u00e9 fyziky<\/a>, kter\u00e9 obvykle plat\u00ed jen pro jednotliv\u00e9 atomy \u010di \u010d\u00e1stice, lze pozorovat i v p\u0159edm\u011btech dost velk\u00fdch na to, aby se ve\u0161ly do ruky.<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eili k tomu supervodiv\u00fd elektrick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se dok\u00e1\u017ee chovat zp\u016fsobem odporuj\u00edc\u00edm na\u0161im b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm p\u0159edstav\u00e1m o sv\u011bt\u011b: m\u016f\u017ee se \u201etunelov\u011b\u201c p\u0159em\u00edstit z jednoho stavu do druh\u00e9ho, jako by pro\u0161el p\u0159\u00edmo skrz ze\u010f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u011bdci prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee tento syst\u00e9m pohlcuje a vyza\u0159uje energii po p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010den\u00fdch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch, p\u0159esn\u011b tak, jak p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 kvantov\u00e1 teorie.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm otev\u0159eli cestu k lep\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, jak lze kvantov\u00e9 jevy vyu\u017e\u00edvat v re\u00e1ln\u00fdch, hmatateln\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad v budouc\u00edch kvantov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Cooperovy p\u00e1ry<\/h2>\n

V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m kovu te\u010de elektrick\u00fd proud d\u00edky elektron\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se mohou voln\u011b pohybovat skrz cel\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Ob\u010das se ale stane n\u011bco zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho: elektrony, kter\u00e9 se jinak odpuzuj\u00ed, se za ur\u010dit\u00fdch podm\u00ednek spoj\u00ed do dvojic a za\u010dnou se pohybovat dokonale slad\u011bn\u011b \u2013 bez jak\u00e9hokoli odporu. Materi\u00e1l se v tu chv\u00edli st\u00e1v\u00e1 supervodi\u010dem a tyto elektronov\u00e9 dvojice naz\u00fdv\u00e1me pr\u00e1v\u011b Cooperovy p\u00e1ry.<\/p>\n

Cooperovy p\u00e1ry se chovaj\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b jinak ne\u017e jednotliv\u00e9 elektrony. Samostatn\u00e9 elektrony jsou \u201eindividualist\u00e9\u201c \u2013 maj\u00ed silnou osobnost a dr\u017e\u00ed si odstup. Dva elektrony se stejn\u00fdmi vlastnostmi nemohou b\u00fdt na stejn\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, co\u017e zn\u00e1me t\u0159eba z atom\u016f, kde se uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vaj\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch energetick\u00fdch hladin neboli slupek.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se ale elektrony spoj\u00ed do Cooperov\u00fdch p\u00e1r\u016f, \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 individuality ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed. Dva takov\u00e9 p\u00e1ry mohou b\u00fdt zcela toto\u017en\u00e9 a dohromady tvo\u0159\u00ed jednotn\u00fd kvantov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd lze popsat jedinou vlnovou funkc\u00ed. Ta ur\u010duje, s jakou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed se syst\u00e9m nach\u00e1z\u00ed v ur\u010dit\u00e9m stavu a s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi vlastnostmi \u2013 a pr\u00e1v\u011b tato vlnov\u00e1 funkce hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v experimentech leto\u0161n\u00edch nositel\u016f Nobelovy ceny<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jak si to p\u0159edstavit?<\/h3>\n

Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b si to m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159edstavit takto: za b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed se elektrony v materi\u00e1lu pohybuj\u00ed chaoticky, nar\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed do p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek a t\u00edm vznik\u00e1 elektrick\u00fd odpor \u2013 proto se t\u0159eba dr\u00e1t p\u0159i pr\u016fchodu proudu zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1. Ale v supervodi\u010di se dva elektrony sp\u00e1ruj\u00ed a za\u010dnou se pohybovat v dokonal\u00e9 souh\u0159e, jako tane\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1r na hladk\u00e9m parketu. D\u00edky t\u00e9to spolupr\u00e1ci p\u0159estanou nar\u00e1\u017eet a proud m\u016f\u017ee t\u00e9ct bez ztr\u00e1t. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto p\u00e1ry \u2013 Cooperovy p\u00e1ry \u2013 jsou kl\u00ed\u010dem k tomu, pro\u010d supervodi\u010de funguj\u00ed tak neoby\u010dejn\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

– Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed web nobelprize.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Leto\u0161n\u00ed laure\u00e1ti \u2013 John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret a John M. Martinis \u2013 posunuli hranice mezi mikroskopick\u00fdm a makroskopick\u00fdm sv\u011btem. Ve sv\u00fdch experimentech dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5364,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6134","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6134","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6134"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6134\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6137,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6134\/revisions\/6137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6134"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6134"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6134"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}