{"id":6016,"date":"2025-06-26T11:57:35","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T09:57:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6016"},"modified":"2025-06-26T12:20:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T10:20:15","slug":"jaky-je-nejkratsi-mozny-cas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6016","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00fd je nejkrat\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd \u010das?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hodinu lze rozd\u011blit na minuty, ty pak na sekundy. Sekunda se pak rozpad\u00e1 na desetinu, setinu, tis\u00edcinu, … a mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy napadlo, jestli takov\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed n\u011bkde kon\u010d\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z matematick\u00e9ho hlediska je d\u011blen\u00ed \u010d\u00edsel nekone\u010dn\u00e9. Poka\u017ed\u00e9 jsme schopni \u010d\u00edslo znovu rozd\u011blit na libovoln\u00e9 men\u0161\u00ed zlomky. Z fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska je v\u0161ak situace jin\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Planck\u016fv \u010das<\/h2>\n

Je nejmen\u0161\u00ed smyslupln\u00e1 jednotka \u010dasu, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam podle sou\u010dasn\u00e9 teoretick\u00e9 fyziky. Pod touto hodnotou u\u017e klasick\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy \u010dasu a prostoru p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u00e1vat smysl, proto\u017ee kvantov\u00e9 efekty gravitace za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed dominovat. <\/p>\n

Max Planck<\/a> p\u0159i studiu z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9ho t\u011blesa na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed zjistil, \u017ee klasick\u00e1 fyzika selh\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159i popisu chov\u00e1n\u00ed energie na velmi mal\u00fdch \u0161k\u00e1l\u00e1ch. Aby mohl vysv\u011btlit pozorovan\u00e9 spektrum, musel zav\u00e9st p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee energie nen\u00ed spojit\u00e1, ale je vyza\u0159ov\u00e1na po diskr\u00e9tn\u00edch d\u00e1vk\u00e1ch (kvantech). Z t\u011bchto \u00favah vyplynula nov\u00e1 konstanta \u2013 dnes naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 Planckova konstanta. <\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e pozd\u011bji fyzikov\u00e9 kombinovali z\u00e1kladn\u00ed konstanty \u2013 Planckovu konstantu \u210f, gravita\u010dn\u00ed konstantu \ud835\udc3a a rychlost sv\u011btla \ud835\udc50, objevili, \u017ee lze z t\u011bchto t\u0159\u00ed veli\u010din sestavit tzv. Planckovy jednotky. Tyto jednotky (nap\u0159. Planckova d\u00e9lka, \u010das, hmotnost) nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee existuj\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozm\u011bry prostoru a \u010dasu, pod kter\u00fdmi p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed platit sou\u010dasn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kony<\/strong> a je pot\u0159eba kvantov\u00e1 teorie gravitace.<\/p>\n

  <\/span>   <\/span>\"\[<\/p>\n

\"t_{\text{P}}\" \u2013 Planck\u016fv \u010das (v sekund\u00e1ch, \"\mathrm{s}\")
\n\"\hbar\" \u2013 redukovan\u00e1 Planckova konstanta (\"\hbar = \frac{h}{2\pi} \approx 1{,}0545718 \times 10^{-34} \ \mathrm{J \cdot s}\")
\n\"G\" \u2013 gravita\u010dn\u00ed konstanta (\"\approx 6{,}674 \times 10^{-11} \ \mathrm{m^3 \cdot kg^{-1} \cdot s^{-2}}\")
\n\"c\" \u2013 rychlost sv\u011btla ve vakuu (\"\approx 2{,}99792458 \times 10^8 \ \mathrm{m/s}\")<\/p>\n

Co znamen\u00e1 10 na m\u00ednus 44?<\/h3>\n

\u010c\u00edslo 44 n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, kolikr\u00e1t budeme postupn\u011b d\u011blit \u010d\u00edslo 1 \u010d\u00edslem 10.<\/p>\n

-1<\/sup> = 1\/10 = 0,1
\n-2<\/sup> = 1\/10\/10 = 1\/100 = 0,01
\n..
\n-10<\/sup> = 0,000 000 000 1
\n..
\n-44<\/sup> = 0,(43 nul)1<\/p>\n

M\u016f\u017eeme si to p\u0159edstavit i n\u00e1sledovn\u011b, po tis\u00edc\u00edch:<\/p>\n

Vezmeme \u010d\u00edslo 100 a vyd\u011bl\u00edme ho tis\u00edcem, – z\u00edsk\u00e1me \u010d\u00edslo 0,1 – to vyd\u011bl\u00edme op\u011bt tis\u00edcem, z\u00edsk\u00e1me 0,000 1 a takto to zopakujeme je\u0161t\u011b 13x!<\/p>\n

Planckova d\u00e9lka<\/h2>\n

  <\/span>   <\/span>\"\[<\/p>\n

Planckova hmotnost<\/h2>\n

  <\/span>   <\/span>\"\[<\/p>\n

Tak\u00e9 v\u00e1s zaujalo, \u017ee je Planckova hmotnost je „u\u017e“ 22\u03bcg?<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hodinu lze rozd\u011blit na minuty, ty pak na sekundy. Sekunda se pak rozpad\u00e1 na desetinu, setinu, tis\u00edcinu, … a mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s n\u011bkdy napadlo, jestli takov\u00e9 …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6021,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6016","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6016","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6016"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6016\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6025,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6016\/revisions\/6025"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6021"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6016"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}