{"id":5625,"date":"1845-03-27T12:42:38","date_gmt":"1845-03-27T11:44:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5625"},"modified":"2025-06-26T12:30:57","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T10:30:57","slug":"wilhelm-conrad-rontgen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5625","title":{"rendered":"Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen (27.3. 1845 \u2013 10.2. 1923) se do d\u011bjin v\u011bdy zapsal, kdy\u017e v roce 1895 objevil <a href=\"\/fyzika\/?p=3619\">elektromagnetick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/a> s velmi kr\u00e1tkou vlnovou d\u00e9lkou. Dnes se po n\u011bm jmenuje &#8211; rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka je v rozmez\u00ed 1 pikometr a\u017e 10 nanometr\u016f. Za tento objev mu byla v roce 1905 ud\u011blena nov\u011b vznikl\u00e1 Nobelova cena. W. C. R\u00f6ntgen je tedy prvn\u00edm nositelem tohoto ocen\u011bn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a id='iJ1HqOLOQdd0_Q8vTZ8DuQ' class='gie-slideshow' href='http:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/515578792' target='_blank' style='color:#a7a7a7;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal !important;border:none;display:inline-block;'>Embed from Getty Images<\/a><script>window.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'iJ1HqOLOQdd0_Q8vTZ8DuQ',sig:'MoFyNr0QNxe9GsUmUXzaCJn9J_WpJH9tqJVizjaBDps=',w:'439px',h:'594px',items:'515578792,463963251,461377945,463925261,588890779',caption: true ,tld:'com',is360: false })});<\/script><script src='\/\/embed-cdn.gettyimages.com\/widgets.js' charset='utf-8' async><\/script><\/p>\n<p>R\u00f6ntgen nepl\u00e1noval objevit rentgenov\u00e9 paprsky. P\u0159i experimentech s katodov\u00fdmi paprsky si v\u0161iml, \u017ee neviditeln\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed proch\u00e1z\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly a zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00ednov\u00e9 obrazy.  Jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 oz\u00e1\u0159il, byla ruka jeho man\u017eelky Anny. Kdy\u017e vid\u011bla obr\u00e1zek sv\u00fdch kost\u00ed, \u00fadajn\u011b zvolala: &#8222;Vid\u011bla jsem svou smrt!&#8220;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rentgenov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vznik\u00e1, kdy\u017e rychle let\u00edc\u00ed elektrony naraz\u00ed na pevn\u00fd materi\u00e1l (nap\u0159. kovovou anodu v rentgence) a prudce zpomal\u00ed nebo zm\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011br. Aby nabral elektron rychlost, je pot\u0159eba nap\u011bt\u00ed od 30 do 150 kilo Volt\u016f. Jeho rychlost je pak klidn\u011b i 160 000 m\/s.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>Dal\u0161\u00ed skromn\u00fd v\u011bdec<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee mohl na sv\u00e9m objevu poh\u00e1dkov\u011b zbohatnout, rozhodl se ho ponechat voln\u011b k dispozici pro dobro lidstva. Byl tak pokorn\u00fd, \u017ee odm\u00edtl pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed rentgenov\u00fdch paprsk\u016f po sob\u011b. N\u00e1zev R\u00f6ntgenovy paprsky se ale uchytil, p\u0159esto\u017ee on je naz\u00fdval \u201eX-paprsky\u201c (z anglick\u00e9ho X-rays).<\/p>\n<p>Navzdory sv\u00e9mu obrovsk\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00ednosu pro v\u011bdu p\u0159i\u0161el o majetek kv\u016fli ekonomick\u00e9 krizi a zem\u0159el relativn\u011b chud\u00fd. Na jeho po\u010dest byl v roce 2004 prvek s protonov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem 111 pojmenov\u00e1n roentgenium.<\/p>\n<h2>Neobvykl\u00e1 cesta k univerzitn\u00edmu vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Jako mlad\u00edk nav\u0161t\u011bvoval technickou \u0161kolu v Utrechtu, ale byl z n\u00ed vylou\u010den kv\u016fli kuri\u00f3zn\u00edmu incidentu. Jeden z jeho spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016f nakreslil karikaturu u\u010ditele, ale vin\u00edk nebyl odhalen. P\u0159esto\u017ee R\u00f6ntgen karikaturu nenakreslil, odm\u00edtl prozradit, kdo byl skute\u010dn\u00fdm autorem, a \u0161kola ho proto bez mo\u017enosti odvol\u00e1n\u00ed vylou\u010dila. Tento nespravedliv\u00fd z\u00e1sah do jeho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ho poznamenal, ale nevzdal se.<\/p>\n<p>Kv\u016fli vylou\u010den\u00ed nemohl z\u00edskat klasick\u00e9 gymnazi\u00e1ln\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e mu znemo\u017e\u0148ovalo studium na univerzit\u011b. Na\u0161el v\u0161ak cestu p\u0159es cury\u0161skou Polytechnickou \u0161kolu (dnes ETH Z\u00fcrich), kter\u00e1 nem\u011bla tak p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00ed podm\u00ednky. Zde vystudoval strojn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, ale brzy se za\u010dal zaj\u00edmat o fyziku. Roku 1869 z\u00edskal doktor\u00e1t na Univerzit\u011b v Curychu, kde se zab\u00fdval p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm termodynamikou. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5346\">Albert Einstein<\/a> zde studoval mezi lety 1896 a 1900, kdy z\u00edskal diplom v oboru matematiky a fyziky.)<\/p>\n<p>Po doktor\u00e1tu pracoval jako asistent slavn\u00e9ho fyzika Augusta Kundta, se kter\u00fdm cestoval do N\u011bmecka. P\u016fsobil na univerzit\u00e1ch ve \u0160trasburku, Giessenu a nakonec ve W\u00fcrzburgu, kde v roce 1895 provedl sv\u016fj slavn\u00fd objev rentgenov\u00fdch paprsk\u016f. Tento objev byl v\u00fdsledkem jeho hlubok\u00e9ho z\u00e1jmu o experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziku a schopnosti pozorovat neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 jevy.<\/p>\n<h2>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 podoba rentgenu v IKEM<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VGKLGvgR10c?si=xN3y82rcPcvVjrVg\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Osudn\u00e1 radioaktivita<\/h2>\n<p>Conrad R\u00f6ntgen zem\u0159el 10. \u00fanora 1923 v 77 letech na leukemii v d\u016fsledku oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Potkal ho podobn\u00fd osud jako <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5598\">v\u011bt\u0161inu v\u011bdc\u016f<\/a>, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvali elektromagentick\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm a o kter\u00e9m je\u0161t\u011b nev\u011bd\u011bli, jak\u00fd m\u00e1 vliv na lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen (27.3. 1845 \u2013 10.2. 1923) se do d\u011bjin v\u011bdy zapsal, kdy\u017e v roce 1895 objevil elektromagnetick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s velmi kr\u00e1tkou vlnovou d\u00e9lkou. &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5625"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6030,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5625\/revisions\/6030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5625"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5625"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}