{"id":5519,"date":"1791-09-22T10:30:20","date_gmt":"1791-09-22T09:32:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5519"},"modified":"2025-06-18T15:35:51","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T13:35:51","slug":"michael-faraday","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5519","title":{"rendered":"Michael Faraday"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Michael Faraday (22.9. 1791 \u2013 25.8. 1867) byl britsk\u00fd fyzik a chemik, jeho\u017e objevy m\u011bly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro rozvoj modern\u00ed v\u011bdy a techniky. Bez jeho pr\u00e1ce bychom dnes nem\u011bli elektromotory, gener\u00e1tory ani transform\u00e1tory.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5999\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-cage-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-cage-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-cage-1-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-cage-1-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-cage-1-768x1152.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Velk\u00fd mu\u017e s prost\u00fdm p\u016fvodem<\/h2>\n<p>Michael Faraday se narodil v chud\u00e9 rodin\u011b a m\u011bl jen z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve 14 letech se stal u\u010dn\u011bm knihtiska\u0159e a kniha\u0159e, co\u017e mu poskytlo p\u0159\u00edstup k v\u011bdeck\u00fdm knih\u00e1m. S nad\u0161en\u00edm studoval chemii a fyziku a jeho z\u00e1jem ho nakonec p\u0159ivedl k v\u011bdeck\u00e9 kari\u00e9\u0159e. D\u00edky sv\u00e9 p\u00edli a v\u00e1\u0161ni se dostal na p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky slavn\u00e9ho chemika Humphryho Davyho, kter\u00fd mu pozd\u011bji nab\u00eddl pr\u00e1ci asistenta.<\/p>\n<h2>Nav\u017edy skromn\u00fd<\/h2>\n<p>Michael Faraday p\u016fsobil na Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 akademii v\u011bd v Lond\u00fdn\u011b jako p\u0159edn\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdec a p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed. Sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdzkumy v oblasti elektromagnetismu a elektrochemie polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady modern\u00ed fyziky a elektrotechniky. Jeho slavn\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky pro \u0161irokou ve\u0159ejnost, v\u010detn\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek pro ml\u00e1de\u017e, zp\u0159\u00edstupnily v\u011bdeck\u00e9 poznatky i laik\u016fm. Navzdory sv\u00e9mu v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu p\u0159\u00ednosu v\u011bd\u011b z\u016fstal cel\u00fd \u017eivot skromn\u00fd a odm\u00edtl i nab\u00eddku \u0161lechtick\u00e9ho titulu. \u017dil st\u0159\u00eddm\u011b, \u0159\u00eddil se hlubokou v\u00edrou a v\u00edce ne\u017e hmotn\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed ho zaj\u00edmalo pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a jeho p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h2>Nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed objevy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=2146\"><strong>Elektromagnetick\u00e1 indukce<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 Zjistil, \u017ee zm\u011bna magnetick\u00e9ho pole m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et elektrick\u00fd proud, co\u017e je princip gener\u00e1tor\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Faradayova klec<\/strong> \u2013 Objevil, \u017ee elektrick\u00e9 pole nep\u016fsob\u00ed uvnit\u0159 dut\u00e9ho vodiv\u00e9ho objektu, co\u017e se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad k ochran\u011b elektroniky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1klady elektrochemie<\/strong> \u2013 Zavedl pojmy jako elektroda, iont a aniont a popsal z\u00e1kony elektrol\u00fdzy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Zaj\u00edmavosti<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Faraday nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ve fyzice ani matematice. V\u0161e se nau\u010dil s\u00e1m.<\/li>\n<li>Byl u\u010dn\u011bm kniha\u0159e, co\u017e mu umo\u017enilo \u010d\u00edst v\u011bdeck\u00e9 knihy a rozv\u00edjet sv\u00e9 znalosti.<\/li>\n<li>Jeho p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky pro ve\u0159ejnost byly tak poutav\u00e9, \u017ee inspirovaly mnoho budouc\u00edch v\u011bdc\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Faradayova klec<\/h2>\n<p>Faradayova klec je vodiv\u00e1 konstrukce, kter\u00e1 blokuje vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e1 pole a elektromagnetick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Funguje na principu rozlo\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1boje po povrchu vodi\u010de, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zabra\u0148uje pr\u016fniku elektrick\u00fdch pol\u00ed dovnit\u0159. Vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k ochran\u011b citliv\u00e9 elektroniky p\u0159ed elektromagnetick\u00fdm ru\u0161en\u00edm, v laborato\u0159\u00edch pro experimenty s elekt\u0159inou, v letadlech a automobilech pro ochranu p\u0159ed blesky a v bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch m\u00edstnostech k blokov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9 komunikace.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/edu.ceskatelevize.cz\/video\/3544-experimenty-michaela-faradaye\">Experimenty M. Faradaye na \u010cT EDU<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Faraday a Maxwell<\/h2>\n<p>Faraday experiment\u00e1ln\u011b objevil elektromagnetickou indukci a formuloval sv\u00e9 silov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, kter\u00e9 popisovaly chov\u00e1n\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch a magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Nem\u011bl v\u0161ak dostate\u010dn\u00e9 matematick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, aby sv\u00e9 objevy vyj\u00e1d\u0159il rovnicemi.<\/p>\n<p>Na jeho pr\u00e1ci nav\u00e1zal <a href=\"\/fyzika\/?p=5124\">J.C. Maxwell<\/a> a p\u0159etvo\u0159il jeho my\u0161lenky do elegantn\u00edch Maxwellov\u00fdch rovnic, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9ho pole. D\u00edky tomu dok\u00e1zal uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee sv\u011btlo je elektromagnetick\u00e1 vlna \u2013 co\u017e vedlo k rozvoji modern\u00ed fyziky, v\u010detn\u011b teorie relativity a kvantov\u00e9 mechaniky.<\/p>\n<p>Maxwell Faradaye velmi obdivoval a n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t s\u202fn\u00edm osobn\u011b jednal, zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i v\u011bdeck\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00edch v\u202fKr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti v Lond\u00fdn\u011b. Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee Maxwell nav\u0161t\u011bvoval Faradayovy p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky a \u017ee Faraday oce\u0148oval Maxwellovy pr\u00e1ce, i kdy\u017e u\u017e ke konci sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota ztr\u00e1cel du\u0161evn\u00ed sv\u011b\u017eest. Maxwell byl o 40 let mlad\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5996\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1791\/09\/faraday-and-mawell-400x400.png 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Michael Faraday a J.C. Maxwell<\/p>\n<h2>Objevitel benzenu<\/h2>\n<p>V roce 1825, z\u00edskal Michael Faraday z olejovit\u00fdch zbytk\u016f lond\u00fdnsk\u00fdch plynov\u00fdch lamp \u010dirou, sladce von\u00edc\u00ed kapalinu. Nazval ji benzen a chemie u\u017e nikdy nebyla stejn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>To, co benzen odli\u0161ovalo u\u017e od chv\u00edle jeho objevu, byla jeho odolnost v\u016f\u010di snadn\u00e9mu chemick\u00e9mu za\u0159azen\u00ed. Jeho zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2014 v\u010detn\u011b ne\u010dekan\u00e9 stability navzdory vysok\u00e9mu stupni nenasycenosti \u2014 nazna\u010dovalo hlub\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1hadu. Ta byla rozlu\u0161t\u011bna a\u017e o \u010dty\u0159i desetilet\u00ed pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00fd chemik August Kekul\u00e9 navrhl cyklickou strukturu benzenu, inspirovan\u00fd snem o hadovi po\u017e\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edm vlastn\u00edm ocas \u2014 starov\u011bk\u00fdm symbolem ouroboros.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes je benzen v\u0161ude \u2013 v OLED displej\u00edch, sol\u00e1rn\u00edch panelech, l\u00e9\u010divech, barvivech, lehk\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech i molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed elektronice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Michael Faraday (22.9. 1791 \u2013 25.8. 1867) byl britsk\u00fd fyzik a chemik, jeho\u017e objevy m\u011bly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro rozvoj modern\u00ed v\u011bdy a techniky. Bez jeho &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5519"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5519\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6010,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5519\/revisions\/6010"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}