{"id":5401,"date":"1871-08-30T20:00:27","date_gmt":"1871-08-30T19:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5401"},"modified":"2025-10-16T11:46:46","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T09:46:46","slug":"ernest-rutherford","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5401","title":{"rendered":"Ernest Rutherford"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ernest Rutherford (30.8. 1871 \u2013 19.10. 1937) se narodil ve vesnici Brightwater pobl\u00ed\u017e m\u011bsta Nelson na Nov\u00e9m Z\u00e9landu. Jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem bylo objevov\u00e1n\u00ed struktury atomu, zejm\u00e9na popis atomov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho slavn\u00e9ho experimentu s rozptylem alfa \u010d\u00e1stic na zlat\u00e9 f\u00f3lii. Tento objev vedl k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00edho modelu atomu, kter\u00fd polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj kvantov\u00e9 mechaniky a pochopen\u00ed jadern\u00fdch proces\u016f. Rutherford byl rovn\u011b\u017e prvn\u00edm v\u011bdcem, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1zal um\u011ble p\u0159em\u011bnit jeden chemick\u00fd prvek na jin\u00fd, \u010d\u00edm\u017e otev\u0159el dve\u0159e k v\u00fdzkumu jadern\u00fdch reakc\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ernest byl \u010dtvrt\u00fdm z dvan\u00e1cti d\u011bt\u00ed skotsk\u00fdch p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se usadili v t\u00e9to odlehl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sv\u011bta. Jeho otec byl mechanik a zem\u011bd\u011blec, zat\u00edmco matka se v\u011bnovala vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed. Rodina \u017eila skromn\u011b, ale kladla velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e Ernesta od \u00fatl\u00e9ho v\u011bku motivovalo k u\u010den\u00ed a zv\u00eddavosti. U\u017e jako chlapec vynikal v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch v\u011bd\u00e1ch, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v matematice a fyzice, co\u017e mu pozd\u011bji umo\u017enilo z\u00edskat stipendium na presti\u017en\u00ed Canterburskou vysokou \u0161kolu v Christchurch. B\u011bhem studia se pod\u00edlel na v\u00fdvoji detektoru elektromagnetick\u00fdch vln.<\/p>\n

Na univerzit\u011b Rutherford rychle upoutal pozornost sv\u00fdmi technick\u00fdmi dovednostmi a nad\u00e1n\u00edm pro experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed fyziku. B\u011bhem studia se pod\u00edlel na v\u00fdvoji nov\u00e9ho detektoru elektromagnetick\u00fdch vln, co\u017e byl jeho prvn\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd v\u011bdeck\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch. Po ukon\u010den\u00ed bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho studia z\u00edskal v roce 1895 presti\u017en\u00ed stipendium, kter\u00e9 mu umo\u017enilo odcestovat do Anglie na Univerzitu v Cambridge. Zde se stal jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch student\u016f v laborato\u0159i Cavendish pod veden\u00edm renomovan\u00e9ho fyzika J. J. Thomsona. <\/p>\n

Objev j\u00e1dra atomu<\/h2>\n

Ernest Rutherford se proslavil zejm\u00e9na sv\u00fdm experimentem se zlatou f\u00f3li\u00ed, kter\u00fd provedl v roce 1909 ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Hansem Geigerem a Ernestem Marsdenem. P\u0159i tomto pokusu zkoumali, jak alfa \u010d\u00e1stice proch\u00e1zej\u00ed tenkou vrstvou zlata. V\u011bt\u0161ina \u010d\u00e1stic pro\u0161la f\u00f3li\u00ed bez odchylky, ale n\u011bkter\u00e9 se ne\u010dekan\u011b odrazily zp\u011bt. Tato pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed vedla Rutherforda k revolu\u010dn\u00edmu z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee atom m\u00e1 mal\u00e9, hust\u00e9 j\u00e1dro, ve kter\u00e9m je soust\u0159ed\u011bna v\u011bt\u0161ina jeho hmoty, zat\u00edmco elektrony ob\u00edhaj\u00ed kolem n\u011bj ve velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. Tento objev vyvr\u00e1til tehdej\u0161\u00ed pudinkov\u00fd model atomu navr\u017een\u00fd J. J. Thomsonem a polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady pro modern\u00ed atomovou fyziku. <\/p>\n

Alfa a beta z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Rutherford tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k pochopen\u00ed radioaktivity. Zavedl pojmy alfa a beta z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed<\/a> a prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee radioaktivn\u00ed prvky se spont\u00e1nn\u011b p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed na jin\u00e9 prvky. V roce 1917 se stal prvn\u00edm v\u011bdcem, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1zal um\u011ble roz\u0161t\u011bpit atom \u2013 konkr\u00e9tn\u011b j\u00e1dro dus\u00edku bombardoval alfa \u010d\u00e1sticemi, co\u017e vedlo k uvoln\u011bn\u00ed protonu. Tento pr\u016flom byl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro vznik jadern\u00e9 fyziky a otev\u0159el cestu k objevu \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e9 reakce, kter\u00e1 pozd\u011bji vedla k v\u00fdvoji jadern\u00e9 energie a atomov\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Rutherfordovy objevy z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnily v\u011bdeck\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty a energie a zanechaly nesmazatelnou stopu v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch fyziky.<\/p>\n

Nobelova cena … za chemii!<\/h2>\n

V roce 1908 z\u00edskal E. Rutherford Nobelovu cenu, ale p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b ne za sv\u00e9 objevy v oblasti atomov\u00e9 fyziky, n\u00fdbr\u017e za v\u00fdzkum radioaktivity. Cena mu byla ud\u011blena za „vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed teorie chemick\u00fdch p\u0159em\u011bn radioaktivn\u00edch l\u00e1tek a v\u00fdzkum vlastnost\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.“ Byl to pon\u011bkud paradox, proto\u017ee Rutherford s\u00e1m vtipkoval, \u017ee jeho pr\u00e1ce byla ocen\u011bna Nobelovou cenou za chemii, p\u0159esto\u017ee se v\u017edy pova\u017eoval za fyzika.<\/p>\n

Precizn\u00ed v\u011bdec, laskav\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk<\/h2>\n

Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavosti z Rutherfordova \u017eivota pat\u0159\u00ed jeho neform\u00e1ln\u00ed a srde\u010dn\u00fd styl. Byl zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdm humorem a p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm, a\u010dkoliv p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci m\u011bl pov\u011bst nesm\u00edrn\u011b precizn\u00edho v\u011bdce. \u010casto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1val, \u017ee „v\u011bdec, kter\u00fd nem\u016f\u017ee sv\u00e9 objevy vysv\u011btlit v hospod\u011b, je \u0161patn\u00fd v\u011bdec.“ Rutherford byl tak\u00e9 prvn\u00ed, kdo pou\u017eil pojem „polovina \u017eivota“ (half-life) p\u0159i popisu rozpadu radioaktivn\u00edch prvk\u016f, co\u017e je dnes z\u00e1kladn\u00ed term\u00edn v jadern\u00e9 fyzice.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1le s n\u00e1mi<\/h2>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je, \u017ee Rutherford\u016fv portr\u00e9t zdob\u00ed bankovku Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu v hodnot\u011b 100 dolar\u016f, co\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jeho v\u00fdznam jako jednoho z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rod\u00e1k\u016f zem\u011b. Jeho jm\u00e9no tak\u00e9 nese chemick\u00fd prvek s atomov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem 104 \u2013 rutherfordium (Rf). Tento prvek byl na jeho po\u010dest pojmenov\u00e1n v roce 1997, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se Rutherford symbolicky stal nesmrteln\u00fdm i v periodick\u00e9 tabulce prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ernest Rutherford (30.8. 1871 \u2013 19.10. 1937) se narodil ve vesnici Brightwater pobl\u00ed\u017e m\u011bsta Nelson na Nov\u00e9m Z\u00e9landu. Jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem bylo objevov\u00e1n\u00ed struktury atomu, …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5401","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5401"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5401\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6217,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5401\/revisions\/6217"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5401"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5401"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5401"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}