{"id":5144,"date":"2024-12-27T15:45:44","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T14:45:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5144"},"modified":"2025-10-07T21:17:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T19:17:34","slug":"co-je-to-kvantova-fyzika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5144","title":{"rendered":"Kvantov\u00e1 fyzika"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kvantov\u00e1 fyzika n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee realita nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak se zd\u00e1 a jak si ji v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s p\u0159edstavuje. V kvantov\u00e9 fyzice mohou v\u011bci existovat ve v\u00edce stavech najednou a to, co pozorujeme, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, jak a jestli se d\u00edv\u00e1me.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee jste na diskot\u00e9ce. Kdy\u017e je rozsv\u00edceno, vid\u00edte tan\u010d\u00edc\u00ed lidi jako jednotlivce. Jakmile se sv\u011btla zhasnou a rozblik\u00e1 se laser, vid\u00edte jen rozmazan\u00e9 pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se sv\u011bteln\u00e9 stopy. Podobn\u011b se chovaj\u00ed i \u010d\u00e1stice v kvantov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b – n\u011bkdy je vid\u00edme jako konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed „te\u010dky“, jindy jako vlny.<\/p>\n

Nejdivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na tom v\u0161em je, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice jako elektron se dok\u00e1\u017ee chovat jako \u010d\u00e1stice i vlna z\u00e1rove\u0148. Je to jako kdybyste dok\u00e1zali b\u00fdt sou\u010dasn\u011b na dvou m\u00edstech – t\u0159eba sed\u011bt doma u televize a z\u00e1rove\u0148 b\u00fdt v kin\u011b. V norm\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b je to nemo\u017en\u00e9, ale v kvantov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b je to b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bc.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se kvantov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic nikdo ned\u00edv\u00e1, chovaj\u00ed se jako by prozkoum\u00e1valy v\u0161echny mo\u017en\u00e9 cesty najednou. Jakmile se na n\u011b ale pod\u00edv\u00e1me, „rozhodnou se“ b\u00fdt jen na jednom m\u00edst\u011b. Je to podobn\u00e9 jako kdy\u017e m\u00e1te v pokoji nepo\u0159\u00e1dek – dokud mamka neotev\u0159e dve\u0159e, jsou v\u011bci teoreticky v\u0161ude, ale jakmile se pod\u00edv\u00e1, objev\u00ed se na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch m\u00edstech!<\/p>\n

Nespojit\u00fd vesm\u00edr<\/h2>\n

A co teprve, kdy\u017e zjist\u00edte, \u017ee na kvantov\u00e9 \u00farovni nic nen\u00ed spojit\u00e9! Je to jako video-hra – i kdy\u017e se v\u00e1m zd\u00e1, \u017ee pohyb na obrazovce je plynul\u00fd, ve skute\u010dnosti se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednotliv\u00fdch sn\u00edmk\u016f. Podobn\u011b energie nebo vzd\u00e1lenost v kvantov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b nejsou plynul\u00e9, ale „sk\u00e1\u010dou“ po ur\u010dit\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n

Elektron kolem j\u00e1dra nem\u016f\u017ee krou\u017eit v libovoln\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti, ale jen v ur\u010dit\u00fdch „povolen\u00fdch“ drah\u00e1ch. Je to jako by mezi patry v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 budovy neexistovaly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 mezipatra – bu\u010f jste v prvn\u00edm, nebo ve druh\u00e9m, nic mezi t\u00edm!<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edklad s teplom\u011brem<\/h2>\n

Poj\u010fme si vysv\u011btlit kvantov\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed na teplom\u011bru se rtut\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se d\u00edv\u00e1te na b\u011b\u017en\u00fd rtu\u0165ov\u00fd teplom\u011br, zd\u00e1 se v\u00e1m, \u017ee hladina rtuti stoup\u00e1 nebo kles\u00e1 plynule. To je ale iluze na\u0161eho makrosv\u011bta! Ve skute\u010dnosti, na kvantov\u00e9 \u00farovni, se rtut\u00ed d\u011bje n\u011bco mnohem zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edho. P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee byste m\u011bli supermikroskop a mohli se pod\u00edvat na jednotliv\u00e9 atomy rtuti. Zjistili byste, \u017ee atomy rtuti nevibruj\u00ed plynule – jejich energie se m\u011bn\u00ed ve skoc\u00edch. Nemohou m\u00edt libovolnou energii, ale jen ur\u010dit\u00e9 „povolen\u00e9“ hodnoty. Kdy\u017e atom p\u0159ijme energii (teplo), nep\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed plynule na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed energetickou hladinu, ale „p\u0159esko\u010d\u00ed“ na ni. To mimo jin\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159i p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed energie atom \u010dek\u00e1, ne\u017e se nahromad\u00ed pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed a pak dojde k okam\u017eit\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b do nov\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n

Neviditeln\u00e9 schody<\/h3>\n

V b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b vid\u00edme pohyb rtuti jako plynulou rampu. Ve skute\u010dnosti se atomy pohybuj\u00ed po „energetick\u00fdch schodech“. Mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi schody neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 mezistupn\u011b. Atom mus\u00ed bu\u010f z\u016fstat na jednom schodu, nebo p\u0159esko\u010dit na dal\u0161\u00ed<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee kdy\u017e se v\u00e1m zd\u00e1, \u017ee rtu\u0165 v teplom\u011bru stoup\u00e1 plynule, ve skute\u010dnosti sledujete kolektivn\u00ed „tane\u010dn\u00ed vystoupen\u00ed“ bilion\u016f atom\u016f, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich d\u011bl\u00e1 sv\u00e9 mal\u00e9 kvantov\u00e9 skoky!<\/p>\n

– Kvantov\u00e1 mechanika<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kvantov\u00e1 fyzika n\u00e1m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee realita nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak se zd\u00e1 a jak si ji v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00e1s p\u0159edstavuje. V kvantov\u00e9 fyzice mohou v\u011bci …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5146,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[94,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-moderni-fyzika","category-zajimavosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5144"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6128,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5144\/revisions\/6128"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5146"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}