{"id":4968,"date":"1643-01-04T09:57:57","date_gmt":"1643-01-04T09:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4968"},"modified":"2025-03-31T21:55:11","modified_gmt":"2025-03-31T19:55:11","slug":"isaac-newton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4968","title":{"rendered":"Isaac Newton"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Isaac Newton (4.1. 1643 \u2013 20.3. 1727) byl jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch myslitel\u016f v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva, p\u0159esto jeho \u017eivot a d\u00edlo odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed podobn\u00e9 paradoxy jako u Pascala \u2013 v\u011bdeckou genialitu spojenou s hlubok\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem o ot\u00e1zky metafyzick\u00e9, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a esoterick\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Newton byl hluboce v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159il v Boha jako stvo\u0159itele a spr\u00e1vce vesm\u00edru, ale odm\u00edtal n\u011bkter\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed dogmatick\u00e9 prvky k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed. Newton se intenzivn\u011b zab\u00fdval alchymi\u00ed, co\u017e pova\u017eoval nejen za cestu k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b hmoty, ale i k pochopen\u00ed duchovn\u00edch pravd. Velkou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota v\u011bnoval studiu Bible a hled\u00e1n\u00ed skryt\u00fdch k\u00f3d\u016f v P\u00edsmu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010de k Bo\u017e\u00edmu pl\u00e1nu lze objevit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho a duchovn\u00edho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b hled\u00e1n\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed pravdy ho p\u0159ivedlo k objeven\u00ed matematick\u00fdch a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f a t\u00edm Bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fli ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b pozorovan\u00fdch jev\u016f paradoxn\u011b vylou\u010dil.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newton.article.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"530\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newton.article.jpg 460w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newton.article-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Studium v karant\u00e9n\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>B\u011bhem morov\u00e9 r\u00e1ny v letech 1665\u20131666, kdy byla univerzita v Cambridge uzav\u0159ena, se mlad\u00fd Isaac Newton vr\u00e1til na rodinn\u00fd statek ve Woolsthorpe. Toto obdob\u00ed, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako jeho \u201eannus mirabilis\u201c (z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fd rok), se stalo jedn\u00edm z nejproduktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch v\u011bdy. V izolaci zde Newton formuloval z\u00e1klady sv\u00e9 teorie gravitace, vyvinul metodu matematick\u00e9ho po\u010dtu (diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed a integr\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010det) a provedl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 experimenty se sv\u011btlem, kter\u00e9 vedly k jeho teorii rozkladu b\u00edl\u00e9ho sv\u011btla na spektrum barev. <\/p>\n<p><em>Toto obdob\u00ed se podob\u00e1 karant\u00e9n\u011b COVID, do kter\u00e9 byl uvr\u017een sv\u011bt ve 20. letech 21. stolet\u00ed. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed karant\u00e9na trvala 3 roky a m\u011bla velmi podobn\u00fd pr\u016fb\u011bh. V\u010detn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad no\u0161en\u00ed rou\u0161ek a z\u00e1kazu vych\u00e1zne\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>V\u011bdeck\u00fd g\u00e9nius<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Newtonova formulace <a href=\"\/fyzika\/?p=1089\">gravita\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1kona<\/a> zm\u011bnila na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru a u\u010dinila z n\u011bj &#8222;hodinov\u00fd stroj&#8220;, kde ka\u017ed\u00fd pohyb podl\u00e9h\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00fdm z\u00e1kon\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159isp\u011bl k rozvoji diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edho a integr\u00e1ln\u00edho po\u010dtu, co\u017e polo\u017eilo z\u00e1klady modern\u00ed matematiky.<\/li>\n<li>Objevil spektrum sv\u011btla pomoc\u00ed hranolu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady optiky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Isaac Newton, mu\u017e, kter\u00fd rozlo\u017eil sv\u011btlo a spo\u010d\u00edtal pohyby planet, nikdy neztratil v\u00edru v to, \u017ee za ka\u017ed\u00fdm z\u00e1konem a \u010d\u00edslem se skr\u00fdv\u00e1 n\u011bco hlub\u0161\u00edho \u2013 nekone\u010dn\u00fd a tajemn\u00fd B\u016fh, kter\u00fd p\u0159esahuje lidsk\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Newton byl b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho pobytu v Trinity College zn\u00e1m\u00fd t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010dasto zapom\u00ednal j\u00edst p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci. Jeho sluha \u00fadajn\u011b nach\u00e1zel nedot\u010den\u00e9 j\u00eddlo p\u0159ed jeho dve\u0159mi. N\u011bkdy, kdy\u017e ho vytrhli z pr\u00e1ce, nev\u011bd\u011bl, zda je r\u00e1no nebo ve\u010der.<\/p>\n<h2>Spor s Robertem Hookem<\/h2>\n<p>Na konci 17. stolet\u00ed m\u011bli Isaac Newton a Robert Hooke ho\u0159kou rivalitu. Hooke obvinil Newtona z kr\u00e1de\u017ee jeho my\u0161lenek o povaze sv\u011btla a barev. Kdy\u017e Hooke zem\u0159el, Newton, kter\u00fd se stal prezidentem Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, \u00fadajn\u011b na\u0159\u00eddil zni\u010dit jedin\u00fd zn\u00e1m\u00fd portr\u00e9t Hooka, co\u017e vedlo k \u00fapln\u00e9mu vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed Hookovy podoby z historie.<\/p>\n<h3>Co je esoterismus?<\/h3>\n<p><em>Jde o fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011bt tajn\u00fdch nauk a mystick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, kter\u00fd l\u00e1k\u00e1 lidi u\u017e tis\u00edce let! P\u0159edstavte si to jako exkluzivn\u00ed klub, kde se \u010dlenov\u00e9 postupn\u011b u\u010d\u00ed ch\u00e1pat skryt\u00e9 pravdy o sv\u011bt\u011b a vesm\u00edru. Pat\u0159\u00ed sem t\u0159eba starod\u00e1vn\u00e1 alchymie, tajupln\u00e1 kabala nebo z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 rosikruci\u00e1nstv\u00ed. Je to jako byste postupn\u011b odkr\u00fdvali vrstvy reality a dost\u00e1vali se k hlub\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznam\u016fm v\u0161eho kolem n\u00e1s. V modern\u00ed dob\u011b najdete prvky esoterismu t\u0159eba v hnut\u00ed New Age nebo v r\u016fzn\u00fdch duchovn\u00edch sm\u011brech. A co je super? Ka\u017ed\u00fd symbol nebo ritu\u00e1l m\u00e1 sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam &#8211; je to jako tajn\u00fd jazyk, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017eete nau\u010dit rozlu\u0161tit! Dnes u\u017e sice nen\u00ed esoterismus tak tajn\u00fd jako d\u0159\u00edv, ale jeho my\u0161lenky st\u00e1le inspiruj\u00ed spoustu mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed hledaj\u00ed n\u011bco v\u00edc ne\u017e jen povrchn\u00ed pohled na sv\u011bt.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Isaac Newton se zaj\u00edmal skoro o v\u0161echno<\/h2>\n<p>O sv\u00e9m pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1padech si vedl den\u00edky. Zde je str\u00e1nka, ve kter\u00e9 zapisuje poznatky z optiky.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/Gk-JhwlW8AA-RRG.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"571\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/Gk-JhwlW8AA-RRG.jpg 426w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/Gk-JhwlW8AA-RRG-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Principie Isaaca Newtona<\/h2>\n<p>Sir Isaac Newton vydal b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota t\u0159i vyd\u00e1n\u00ed Principi\u00ed (1687, 1713 a 1726). Ka\u017ed\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed obsahovalo \u00fapravy a vylep\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Kniha I: Pohyb t\u011bles<\/h3>\n<p>Newton zde p\u0159edstavuje sv\u00e9 t\u0159i pohybov\u00e9 z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 definuj\u00ed pohyb objekt\u016f pod vlivem s\u00edly, setrva\u010dnosti a reakce. Pomoc\u00ed geometrick\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f zkoum\u00e1 pohyb ve vakuu, nap\u0159\u00edklad ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy a st\u0159ely. Tato \u010d\u00e1st tvo\u0159\u00ed teoretick\u00fd z\u00e1klad mechaniky.<\/p>\n<h3>Kniha II: Pohyb t\u011bles (v odporuj\u00edc\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00edch)<\/h3>\n<p>Tato kniha se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 pohybem v prost\u0159ed\u00edch, kter\u00e1 kladou odpor, jako je vzduch nebo voda. Newton zde testuje kyvadla a proud\u011bn\u00ed kapalin. Vyvrac\u00ed teorii v\u00edr\u016f Ren\u00e9 Descartesa a dokazuje, \u017ee jeho z\u00e1kony plat\u00ed i ve skute\u010dn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Spojuje tak teorii s experimentem.<\/p>\n<h3>Kniha III: Syst\u00e9m sv\u011bta<\/h3>\n<p>Newton aplikuje sv\u016fj z\u00e1kon v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 gravitace k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed ob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch drah planet, p\u0159\u00edlivu a odlivu \u010di tvaru Zem\u011b. Ukazuje, \u017ee jedna s\u00edla ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 cel\u00fd vesm\u00edr, \u010d\u00edm\u017e propojuje pozemsk\u00e9 a nebesk\u00e9 jevy. Toto je velk\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 vy\u00fast\u011bn\u00ed jeho pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5651\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1643\/01\/newtons-principa-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Image source: bonhams.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Isaac Newton (4.1. 1643 \u2013 20.3. 1727) byl jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch myslitel\u016f v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch lidstva, p\u0159esto jeho \u017eivot a d\u00edlo odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed podobn\u00e9 paradoxy jako u &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4968"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4968\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}