{"id":4960,"date":"1623-06-19T08:13:46","date_gmt":"1623-06-19T07:16:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4960"},"modified":"2025-11-10T22:29:23","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T21:29:23","slug":"blaise-pascal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4960","title":{"rendered":"Blaise Pascal"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Blaise Pascal (19.6. 1623 \u2013 19.8. 1662) byl francouzsk\u00fd matematik, fyzik a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd myslitel, jeho\u017e \u017eivot a d\u00edlo byly pln\u00e9 fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch paradox\u016f. Byl prvn\u00ed, kdo p\u0159i\u0161el s my\u0161lenkou hromadn\u00e9 dopravy, kde lidi plat\u00ed za j\u00edzdenku.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pascal byl velmi nemocn\u00fd po v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota a \u010dasto pracoval z postele. Jeho zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my mu paradoxn\u011b umo\u017enily soust\u0159edit se na v\u011bdeckou pr\u00e1ci, proto\u017ee nemohl vykon\u00e1vat b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Zem\u0159el mlad\u00fd ve v\u011bku 39 let.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201eIl y a assez de lumi\u00e8re pour ceux qui ne d\u00e9sirent que de voir, et assez d\u2019obscurit\u00e9 pour ceux qui ont une disposition contraire.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Je dost sv\u011btla pro ty, kdo si p\u0159ej\u00ed pouze vid\u011bt, a dost temnoty pro ty, kdo maj\u00ed opa\u010dn\u00e9 sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdrok poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Pens\u00e9es od Blaise Pascal ve zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed L\u00e9on Brunschvicg je 1897.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5076\" style=\"width: 100%;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/1623\/06\/blaise-pascal-fyzika-vltava-400x400.webp 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>V\u011bdeck\u00e9 \u00fasp\u011bchy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Ji\u017e v patn\u00e1cti letech publikoval v\u00fdznamnou esej o ku\u017eelose\u010dk\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li>Vynalezl prvn\u00ed mechanick\u00fd kalkul\u00e1tor, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Pascaline.<\/li>\n<li>Jeho experimenty s vakuem vedly k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed barometru.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159isp\u011bl k rozvoji teorie pravd\u011bpodobnosti a pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z navrhl ruletu.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4018\">Pascal\u016fv z\u00e1kon<\/a>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Pascalova s\u00e1zka<\/h2>\n<p>Dne 23. listopadu 1654, ve v\u011bku 31 let, v souvislosti se &#8222;z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdm&#8220; uzdraven\u00edm jeho otce, pro\u017eil siln\u00fd emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed pro\u017eitek. Tak siln\u00fd, \u017ee se stal siln\u00fdm v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm a rozhodl se v\u011bnovat u\u017e jen studiem Boha. K Bohu s &#8222;b\u00e1zn\u00ed a chv\u011bn\u00edm&#8220; a pova\u017eoval Boha za vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho a nepochopiteln\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Navrhl slavnou &#8222;s\u00e1zku&#8220;, kter\u00e1 vyb\u00edzela nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, aby \u017eili, jako by B\u016fh existoval, s argumentem, \u017ee je to s\u00e1zka s nekone\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee B\u016fh skute\u010dn\u011b existuje.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee zvyk a up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e1 zbo\u017enost mohou v\u00e9st k opravdov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e, i kdy\u017e na po\u010d\u00e1tku chyb\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Pascaline &#8211; po\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed stroj<\/h2>\n<p>Blaise Pascal se zapsal tak\u00e9 do historie v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky sv\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lezem &#8211; mechanickou kalkula\u010dkou zvanou Pascaline. Tento d\u016fmysln\u00fd stroj, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159il v pouh\u00fdch 19 letech, aby pomohl sv\u00e9mu otci s da\u0148ov\u00fdmi v\u00fdpo\u010dty, dok\u00e1zal s\u010d\u00edtat a od\u010d\u00edtat \u0161estim\u00edstn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla pomoc\u00ed d\u016fmysln\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu ozuben\u00fdch kole\u010dek. Fungoval na principu p\u0159enosu hodnot mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edslicov\u00fdmi pozicemi, podobn\u011b jako to d\u011blaj\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Pascaline byla tak pr\u016flomov\u00e1, \u017ee se stala inspirac\u00ed pro mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch vyn\u00e1lezc\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b Gottfrieda Leibnize, kter\u00fd pozd\u011bji vyvinul stroj schopn\u00fd i n\u00e1soben\u00ed a d\u011blen\u00ed. I kdy\u017e se Pascaline kv\u016fli sv\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti a vysok\u00e9 cen\u011b nikdy masov\u011b neroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila (bylo vyrobeno jen asi 50 kus\u016f), polo\u017eila z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men pro v\u00fdvoj modern\u00edch kalkula\u010dek a po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e9 dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me.<\/p>\n<h2>Zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 vakuum<\/h2>\n<p>V 17. stolet\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dal Aristotel\u016fv n\u00e1zor, \u017ee &#8222;p\u0159\u00edroda se d\u011bs\u00ed pr\u00e1zdnoty&#8220; a vakuum nem\u016f\u017ee existovat. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=6171\">Torricelli<\/a> zpochybnil toto p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed sv\u00fdmi experimenty se rtu\u0165ov\u00fdm barometrem. Pascal na n\u011bj nav\u00e1zal a provedl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd experiment &#8211; nechal vyn\u00e9st barometr na horu Puy de D\u00f4me. Pozorovan\u00fd pokles tlaku s v\u00fd\u0161kou definitivn\u011b prok\u00e1zal existenci vakua a vyvr\u00e1til aristotelsk\u00fd dogmat. Pascal t\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k modernizaci v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a odpout\u00e1n\u00ed se od antick\u00fdch autorit. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b to byl nav\u00edc hrdinsk\u00fd \u010din, proto\u017ee nad v\u011bdou st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b vl\u00e1dla c\u00edrkev, kter\u00e1 vakuum neuzn\u00e1vala.<\/p>\n<h2>Pascal filosof<\/h2>\n<p>Pascal vid\u011bl \u010dlov\u011bka jako bytost mezi &#8222;ni\u010d\u00edm a v\u0161\u00edm&#8220;, neschopnou pochopit extr\u00e9my vesm\u00edru. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee lid\u00e9 byli stvo\u0159eni k utrpen\u00ed a \u017ee b\u00edda je p\u0159irozen\u00fdm stavem \u017eivota na tomto sv\u011bt\u011b. Jedinou sp\u00e1su vid\u011bl ve v\u00ed\u0159e v Boha, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla nab\u00eddnout vykoupen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pascal tyto my\u0161lenky zachytil ve sv\u00e9m d\u00edle My\u0161lenky (Pens\u00e9es), kde popisuje lidskou existenci jako sm\u011bs velkoleposti (dan\u00e9 schopnost\u00ed myslet) a b\u00eddy (dan\u00e9 smrtelnost\u00ed a odlou\u010den\u00edm od Boha).<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Nic ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Nekone\u010dnem, V\u0161echno ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Nicotou, st\u0159ed mezi ni\u010d\u00edm a v\u0161\u00edm. Jeliko\u017e je nekone\u010dn\u011b vzd\u00e1len pochopen\u00ed extr\u00e9m\u016f, po\u010d\u00e1tek v\u011bc\u00ed i jejich konec mu z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed beznad\u011bjn\u011b skryt\u00e9 v neproniknuteln\u00e9m tajemstv\u00ed; stejn\u011b tak je neschopen spat\u0159it Nicotu, z n\u00ed\u017e je stvo\u0159en, i Nekone\u010dno, v n\u011bm\u017e je pohlcen.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d byl Pascal takov\u00fd pesimista?<\/h3>\n<p>S\u00e1m trp\u011bl chronick\u00fdmi zdravotn\u00edmi pot\u00ed\u017eemi po v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota, co\u017e mu p\u0159ineslo fyzickou bolest a omezilo jeho aktivity. Tato zku\u0161enost ho p\u0159ivedla k hlub\u0161\u00edm \u00favah\u00e1m o lidsk\u00e9 k\u0159ehkosti a smrtelnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Byl hluboce ovlivn\u011bn k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm u\u010den\u00edm, zejm\u00e9na augustini\u00e1nsk\u00fdm d\u016frazem na lidsk\u00fd h\u0159\u00edch a odcizen\u00ed od Boha. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 p\u0159irozenost je poznamen\u00e1na p\u00e1dem a \u017ee utrpen\u00ed je nevyhnutelnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eivota.<\/p>\n<p>Vn\u00edmal lidskou snahu o \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jako marnou, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed podle n\u011bj hled\u00e1 \u00fat\u011bchu v rozpt\u00fdlen\u00edch, kter\u00e1 je odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed od skute\u010dn\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek o smyslu \u017eivota a jejich kone\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Blaise Pascal \u017eil v dob\u011b, kdy Francie \u010delila n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm konflikt\u016fm, politick\u00e9 nestabilit\u011b a kulturn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m. Tyto okolnosti podtrhovaly jeho pocit, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost je neklidn\u00e1 a do\u010dasn\u00e1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blaise Pascal (19.6. 1623 \u2013 19.8. 1662) byl francouzsk\u00fd matematik, fyzik a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd myslitel, jeho\u017e \u017eivot a d\u00edlo byly pln\u00e9 fascinuj\u00edc\u00edch paradox\u016f. Byl prvn\u00ed, kdo &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4960","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-osobnosti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4960"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6274,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4960\/revisions\/6274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}