{"id":4736,"date":"2024-11-05T15:43:33","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T14:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4736"},"modified":"2025-01-10T22:50:56","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T21:50:56","slug":"druhy-sil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=4736","title":{"rendered":"Druhy sil"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00edly jsou v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 a hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v na\u0161ich ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u017eivotech, od jednoduch\u00fdch interakc\u00ed a\u017e po slo\u017eit\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy ve vesm\u00edru. Existuje cel\u00e1 \u0159ada druh\u016f sil, kter\u00e9 se projevuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Ka\u017ed\u00fd typ s\u00edly m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 specifick\u00e9 vlastnosti a z\u00e1konitosti, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ovliv\u0148uje pohyb, strukturu a chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty. <\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Gravita\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

S\u00edla, kterou se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u0159itahuj\u00ed dv\u011b hmotn\u00e1 t\u011blesa.<\/p>\n

\"F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}\" <\/p>\n

\"G\" – gravita\u010dn\u00ed konstanta,
\n\"m_1\" a \"m_2\" – hmotnosti t\u011bles
\n\"r\" – vzd\u00e1lenost mezi t\u011blesy<\/p>\n

Tato s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00ed na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a je odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za jevy, jako je pohyb planet kolem Slunce.<\/p>\n

2. Elektromagnetick\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

S\u00edla mezi elektricky nabit\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi, kter\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 z\u00e1kladem pro magnetismus.<\/p>\n

Coulomb\u016fv z\u00e1kon<\/p>\n

\"F = k \frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}\", <\/p>\n

\"k\" – Coulombova konstanta
\n\"q_1\" a \"q_2\" – elektrick\u00e9 n\u00e1boje
\n\"r\" – vzd\u00e1lenost mezi elektrick\u00fdmi n\u00e1boji<\/p>\n

Elektromagnetick\u00e9 s\u00edly jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi silami v chemii a biologii, proto\u017ee udr\u017euj\u00ed atomy a molekuly pohromad\u011b.<\/p>\n

3. Jadern\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/h2>\n

Siln\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 s\u00edla:<\/h3>\n

P\u016fsob\u00ed mezi kvarky uvnit\u0159 protonu a neutronu a mezi protony a neutrony v j\u00e1d\u0159e. Zprost\u0159edkovateli t\u00e9to s\u00edly jsou Gluony. Tato s\u00edla dr\u017e\u00ed pohromad\u011b j\u00e1dra atom\u016f. P\u016fsob\u00ed na velmi kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost (\u0159\u00e1dov\u011b 10-15<\/sup> metr\u016f).<\/p>\n

Slab\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 s\u00edla:<\/h3>\n

Je odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za jadern\u00fd rozpad (nap\u0159\u00edklad beta rozpad) a za n\u011bkter\u00e9 typy p\u0159em\u011bn \u010d\u00e1stic. Zprost\u0159edkovateli t\u00e9to s\u00edly jsou W a Z bosony.<\/p>\n

4. T\u0159ec\u00ed s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

S\u00edla, kter\u00e1 se projevuje p\u0159i vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m pohybu dvou povrch\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"F = \mu \cdot F_N\", <\/p>\n

\"\mu\" – sou\u010dinitel t\u0159en\u00ed
\n\"F_N\" – norm\u00e1lov\u00e1 s\u00edla (s\u00edla kolm\u00e1 na povrch)<\/p>\n

T\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt statick\u00e9 nebo kinetick\u00e9. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, nap\u0159. p\u0159i ch\u016fzi nebo brzd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

5. Norm\u00e1lov\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

Reak\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed kolmo na povrch, kter\u00fdm je t\u011bleso podep\u0159eno.
\nNorm\u00e1lov\u00e1 s\u00edla vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 gravita\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edlu na t\u011bleso, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed na povrchu.<\/p>\n

6. Odporov\u00e1 s\u00edla (aerodynamick\u00fd odpor)<\/h2>\n

S\u00edla, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsob\u00ed proti pohybu t\u011blesa v plynu nebo kapalin\u011b.
\nZ\u00e1vis\u00ed na rychlosti a tvaru t\u011blesa a vlastnostech prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

7. Dost\u0159ediv\u00e1 a odst\u0159ediv\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

Dost\u0159ediv\u00e1 s\u00edla:<\/h3>\n

S\u00edla sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed do st\u0159edu kruhov\u00e9ho pohybu, kter\u00e1 udr\u017euje t\u011bleso na kruhov\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n

\"F = \frac{mv^2}{r}\"<\/p>\n

\"m\" – hmotnost t\u011blesa
\n\"v\" – rychlost
\n\"r\" – polom\u011br dr\u00e1hy<\/p>\n

Odst\u0159ediv\u00e1 s\u00edla (zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 s\u00edla)<\/h3>\n

Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 s\u00edla p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed ven z kruhov\u00e9ho pohybu v neinerci\u00e1ln\u00ed soustav\u011b.<\/p>\n

8. Pru\u017en\u00e1 (elastick\u00e1) s\u00edla<\/h2>\n

S\u00edla, kter\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i deformaci pru\u017en\u00fdch t\u011bles, jako jsou pru\u017einy nebo elastick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n

Hook\u016fv z\u00e1kon<\/p>\n

\"F = -k \cdot x\", <\/p>\n

\"k\" – tuhost pru\u017einy
\n\"x\" – v\u00fdchylka od rovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 polohy.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v mnoha technick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad v pru\u017ein\u00e1ch a tlumi\u010d\u00edch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S\u00edly jsou v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 a hraj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v na\u0161ich ka\u017edodenn\u00edch \u017eivotech, od jednoduch\u00fdch interakc\u00ed a\u017e po slo\u017eit\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed procesy ve vesm\u00edru. Existuje cel\u00e1 \u0159ada druh\u016f …. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4793,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[71],"class_list":["post-4736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sila","tag-vysvetleni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4736","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4736"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4736\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4793"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}