{"id":3702,"date":"2025-04-21T12:38:30","date_gmt":"2025-04-21T10:38:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3702"},"modified":"2025-05-22T09:56:07","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T07:56:07","slug":"popis-vlny-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3702","title":{"rendered":"Kmitav\u00fd pohyb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Pokud se t\u011bleso opakovan\u011b oddaluje od ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, \u017ee vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 kmitav\u00fd pohyb. Opakuje-li se pohyb pravideln\u011b, jedn\u00e1 se nav\u00edc o pohyb <em>periodick\u00fd<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vzd\u00e1lenost o kterou se t\u011bleso odd\u00e1l\u00ed od m\u00edsta, kde by bylo, pokud by bylo v klidu, naz\u00fdv\u00e1me <strong>v\u00fdchylka<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Doba pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro zopakov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdchylky v obou sm\u011brech od m\u00edsta klidu se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>perioda<\/strong>. Ozna\u010dujeme <strong>T<\/strong>, jednotkou je <strong>sekunda<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Frekvence<\/strong> je pom\u011br periody k 1 sekund\u011b. Jednotkou je <strong>Hertz<\/strong> (s<sup>-1<\/sup>). <\/p>\n<p class=\"ql-center-displayed-equation\" style=\"line-height: 39px;\"><span class=\"ql-right-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><span class=\"ql-left-eqno\"> &nbsp; <\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-faf4b5e5b0d9fc052462efbd6ed7a61c_l3.png\" height=\"39\" width=\"52\" class=\"ql-img-displayed-equation quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#91; &#102;&#61;&#92;&#102;&#114;&#97;&#99;&#123;&#49;&#125;&#123;&#84;&#125; &#92;&#93;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159. kdy\u017e m\u00e1 kyvadlo periodu 2 sekundy, jeho frekvence je 0,5 Hz (p\u016fl kmitu za sekundu).<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u011bj, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed kmitav\u00fd pohyb ze zdroje do okol\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 vln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nejmen\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost bod\u016f, kter\u00e9 kmitaj\u00ed stejn\u011b se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <strong>vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka<\/strong>. Ozna\u010dujeme &lambda;. Jeliko\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o jednotku d\u00e9lky, je jednotkou metr.<\/p>\n<h2>Interaktivn\u00ed kyvadlo<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/javalab.org\/en\/spring_pendulum_en\/\"><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pendulum-wave.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"1215\" height=\"608\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5589\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pendulum-wave.webp 1215w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pendulum-wave-300x150.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pendulum-wave-1024x512.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/pendulum-wave-768x384.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1215px) 100vw, 1215px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Zaj\u00edmavosti<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Jednotka Hertz byla pojmenov\u00e1na po <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5700\">Heinrichu Hertzovi<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u010clov\u011bk sly\u0161\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3663\">zvuk<\/a> &#8211; tedy kmitav\u00fd pohyb p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v rozsahu 20 Hz a\u017e 20 000 Hz. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed frekvence jsou &#8222;basov\u00e9&#8220;, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jsou &#8222;v\u00fd\u0161ky&#8220;. Netop\u00fd\u0159i sly\u0161\u00ed a\u017e do 100 kHz, co\u017e je mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e my.<\/li>\n<li>Zem\u011b sama o sob\u011b kmit\u00e1! Po siln\u00fdch zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00edch se m\u016f\u017ee planeta \u201erozkmitat\u201c podobn\u011b jako zvon, s periodami v minut\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li>Gravita\u010dn\u00ed vlny \u2013 v roce 2015 byly poprv\u00e9 detekov\u00e1ny vlny vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 p\u0159i sr\u00e1\u017ece \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br, jejich frekvence byla v \u0159\u00e1du stovek Hz.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echno v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b kmit\u00e1: molekuly, elektrony, zvuk, sv\u011btlo, lidsk\u00e9 srdce (m\u00e1 rytmus \u2248 1 Hz), houpac\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, auta na nerovn\u00e9 cest\u011b, budovy ve v\u011btru\u2026<\/li>\n<li>Pomoc\u00ed kyvadla se d\u00e1 dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee se <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=5906\">Zem\u011b ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edklady<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Zvukov\u00e1 vlna m\u00e1 periodu 0,001 s. Jakou m\u00e1 frekvenci?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e1 je frekvence minutov\u00e9 ru\u010di\u010dky na hodin\u00e1ch?<\/li>\n<li>Ve \u0161koln\u00ed chodb\u011b je sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 blik\u00e1 pravideln\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fdch 0,4 sekundy. Jak\u00e1 je jeho frekvence blik\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Reproduktor p\u0159ehr\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00f3n s frekvenc\u00ed 5000 Hz. Jakou m\u00e1 zvuk periodu?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e1 je frekvence ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed, pokud se kolo oto\u010d\u00ed 3kr\u00e1t za sekundu?<\/li>\n<li>Kyvadlo hodin se zhoupne tam a zp\u011bt ka\u017ed\u00fdch 2,5 sekundy. Jak\u00e1 je frekvence pohybu kyvadla?<\/li>\n<li>V \u010desk\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 s\u00edti st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud m\u011bn\u00ed sm\u011br 50kr\u00e1t za sekundu. Jak\u00e1 je frekvence proudu? Jak dlouho trv\u00e1 jeden cyklus?<\/li>\n<li>D\u00edt\u011b sk\u00e1\u010de na trampol\u00edn\u011b tak, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd skok (nahoru a dol\u016f) mu trv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,2 sekundy. Jak\u00e1 je frekvence jeho sk\u00e1k\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Kolib\u0159\u00edk m\u00e1v\u00e1 k\u0159\u00eddly 70kr\u00e1t za sekundu. Jak\u00e1 je frekvence? Jak\u00e1 je perioda jednoho m\u00e1vnut\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Jakou nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lku m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt zvuk, abychom ho sly\u0161eli? (16 Hz &#8211; 16 000 Hz, <strong>&lambda; = v \/ f<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>Zp\u011bv\u00e1k vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00f3n o frekvenci 440 Hz. Rychlost zvuku ve vzduchu je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 340 m\/s. Jak\u00e1 je vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka tohoto t\u00f3nu?<\/li>\n<li>Na jeze\u0159e vznikaj\u00ed pravideln\u00e9 vodn\u00ed vlny, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed frekvenci 2 Hz a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se rychlost\u00ed 1,5 m\/s. Jak\u00e1 je vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka t\u011bchto vln?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pokud se t\u011bleso opakovan\u011b oddaluje od ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, \u017ee vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 kmitav\u00fd pohyb. Opakuje-li se pohyb pravideln\u011b, jedn\u00e1 se nav\u00edc o pohyb periodick\u00fd. Vzd\u00e1lenost o &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5588,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,61],"tags":[85,55],"class_list":["post-3702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vlneni","category-zvuk","tag-interaktivni-model","tag-priklad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3702","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3702"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3702\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5928,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3702\/revisions\/5928"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5588"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3702"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3702"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3702"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}