{"id":3663,"date":"2026-01-14T12:15:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T11:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3663"},"modified":"2026-02-17T07:37:52","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T06:37:52","slug":"jak-se-siri-zvuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3663","title":{"rendered":"Co je to zvuk?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Zvuk je pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 vln\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00edm, jako je vzduch, voda nebo pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Jedn\u00e1 se o specifick\u00fd rozruch &#8211; pohyb \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee zachytit lidsk\u00e9 ucho. Ucho p\u0159evede pohyb \u010d\u00e1stic na elektrick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly a po\u0161le je do mozku. <\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Jak si p\u0159edstavit \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed zvuku<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/27a26e2CnuM\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Jak funguje ucho?<\/h2>\n<p>Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ucho zachycuje zvukov\u00e9 vlny a sm\u011bruje je do zvukovodu, kde doraz\u00ed k bub\u00ednku. Vibrace bub\u00ednku se n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed p\u0159es syst\u00e9m drobn\u00fdch k\u016fstek ve st\u0159edn\u00edm uchu \u2013 klad\u00edvko, kovadlinku a t\u0159m\u00ednek \u2013 a\u017e do vnit\u0159n\u00edho ucha, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b do hlem\u00fd\u017ed\u011b. V hlem\u00fd\u017edi se mechanick\u00e9 vln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uje na nervov\u00e9 impulsy pomoc\u00ed vl\u00e1skov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Tato slo\u017eit\u00e1 interakce umo\u017e\u0148uje lidem vn\u00edmat r\u016fzn\u00e9 t\u00f3ny, hlasitosti a barvy zvuku, co\u017e hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v komunikaci, orientaci a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qgdqp-oPb1Q?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Vln\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Vln\u011bn\u00ed je \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=3702\">kmitav\u00e9ho pohybu<\/a> l\u00e1tkou nebo prostorem, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se energie p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed, ale samotn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na m\u00edst\u011b. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mechanick\u00e9, jako zvukov\u00e9 vlny nebo vlny na vod\u011b, nebo elektromagnetick\u00e9, jako sv\u011btlo \u010di r\u00e1diov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n<h2>Vlastnosti zvuku<\/h2>\n<p>Vlnu charakterizuj\u00ed 3 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed veli\u010diny. Frekvence, vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9la a perioda.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/popis-vlny.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"655\" height=\"453\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/popis-vlny.jpg 655w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/popis-vlny-645x446.jpg 645w, https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/popis-vlny-150x103.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Zvuk &#8211; frekvence a amplituda<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je frekvence vln\u011bn\u00ed (\u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed m\u00e1 rychlost) t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed se n\u00e1m zvuk jev\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je amplituda (v\u00fdchylka), t\u00edm vn\u00edm\u00e1me zvuk hlasit\u011bji.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geogebra.org\/calculator\/zhfup3ty?embed\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" allowfullscreen style=\"border: 1px solid #e4e4e4;border-radius: 4px;\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ucho dok\u00e1\u017ee zachytit vln\u011bn\u00ed s frekvenc\u00ed od 16 Hz do 20 kHz p\u0159\u00edmo a a\u017e 100 kHZ nep\u0159\u00edmo skrz barvy zvuku.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>&#8222;Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; zvuku<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/px3oVGXr4mo?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Hudebn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159i zpomalen\u00e9m z\u00e1b\u011bru je vid\u011bt, \u017ee struna nekmit\u00e1 nahodile, ale pravideln\u011b kolem sv\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 polohy. Tento kmitav\u00fd pohyb rozkmit\u00e1 okoln\u00ed vzduch a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 tlakov\u00e9 vlny, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed jako zvuk. Frekvence kmit\u00e1n\u00ed struny ur\u010duje v\u00fd\u0161ku t\u00f3nu, zat\u00edmco velikost v\u00fdchylky ovliv\u0148uje hlasitost. Tvar kmit\u00e1n\u00ed a vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed harmonick\u00e9 pak d\u00e1vaj\u00ed zvuku jeho charakteristickou barvu.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kpoanOlb3-w?si=U8sTyiJZ7BsdSlF7\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8YGQmV3NxMI?si=LfMIwmudwy-7u4B3\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>U trumpety nen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00edm zdrojem zvuku samotn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, ale kmit\u00e1n\u00ed rt\u016f hr\u00e1\u010de. Zpomalen\u00fd pohled ukazuje, \u017ee rty periodicky p\u0159eru\u0161uj\u00ed proud vzduchu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e v trubce vznik\u00e1 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 kmit\u00e1n\u00ed vzduchov\u00e9ho sloupce. Toto kmit\u00e1n\u00ed se projev\u00ed st\u0159\u00edd\u00e1n\u00edm oblast\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho a ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho tlaku. R\u016fzn\u011b vysok\u00e9 plameny nad trubic\u00ed tyto tlakov\u00e9 zm\u011bny zviditel\u0148uj\u00ed: tam, kde je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlakov\u00e1 amplituda, je plamen vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. D\u00e9lka trubice a zvolen\u00fd t\u00f3n ur\u010duj\u00ed frekvenci kmit\u00e1n\u00ed, a t\u00edm i v\u00fd\u0161ku sly\u0161en\u00e9ho zvuku.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o0Gl4tfh3KA?si=jeDY9_Y9vGfRDint&amp;start=216\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Rozd\u00edl mezi p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00fdm a pod\u00e9ln\u00fdm vln\u011bn\u00edm<\/h2>\n<p>P\u0159i p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m vln\u011bn\u00ed kmitaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice prost\u0159ed\u00ed kolmo ke sm\u011bru \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vlny. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je kmitaj\u00edc\u00ed struna: struna se vychyluje nahoru a dol\u016f, zat\u00edmco vlna se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pod\u00e9l jej\u00ed d\u00e9lky. Podobn\u011b se chovaj\u00ed i vlny na hladin\u011b vody. Tento druh vln\u011bn\u00ed je dob\u0159e \u201eviditeln\u00fd\u201c, proto\u017ee pohyb \u010d\u00e1stic prob\u00edh\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d sm\u011brem \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Naopak u pod\u00e9ln\u00e9ho vln\u011bn\u00ed kmitaj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice ve stejn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, jak\u00fdm se vlna \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. To je p\u0159\u00edpad zvuku ve vzduchu. \u010c\u00e1stice vzduchu se st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed a z\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vznikaj\u00ed tlakov\u00e9 zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prostorem. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto zm\u011bny tlaku vn\u00edm\u00e1me jako zvuk, nap\u0159\u00edklad u trumpety nebo jin\u00fdch dechov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl tedy spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve sm\u011bru kmit\u00e1n\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic v\u016f\u010di sm\u011bru \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vlny, nikoli v tom, zda se vlna \u201epohybuje\u201c rychleji nebo pomaleji. Oba typy vln\u011bn\u00ed se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed stejn\u00fdmi fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1kony, ale projevuj\u00ed se odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n<h2>Co je to vibrace?<\/h2>\n<p>Vibrace (kmit\u00e1n\u00ed) je v fyzice periodick\u00fd pohyb t\u011blesa nebo jeho \u010d\u00e1sti kolem rovnov\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 polohy. Tento pohyb se v \u010dase opakuje a je charakterizov\u00e1n nap\u0159\u00edklad frekvenc\u00ed, periodou a amplitudou. Vibrace jsou z\u00e1kladem vzniku mechanick\u00e9ho vln\u011bn\u00ed a zvuku.<\/p>\n<h2>Zvuk &#8211; shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n<h3>Druhy zvuk\u016f<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u00f3n:<\/strong> Pravideln\u00e9 kmit\u00e1n\u00ed, sly\u0161iteln\u00e9 jako hudebn\u00ed t\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hluk (\u0161um):<\/strong> <a href=\"\/fyzika\/mp3\/noise.mp3\">Nepravideln\u00e9 kmit\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Infrazvuk:<\/strong> N\u00edzk\u00e9 frekvence pod hranic\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho sluchu (nap\u0159. sloni).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ultrazvuk:<\/strong> Vysok\u00e9 frekvence nad hranic\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho sluchu (nap\u0159. psi, netop\u00fd\u0159i). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Vlastnosti zvuku<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00fd\u0161ka:<\/strong> Ur\u010duje ji frekvence vln\u011bn\u00ed (Hz). Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvence = vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hlasitost:<\/strong> Ur\u010duje ji amplituda (velikost v\u00fdchylky) vln\u011bn\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed amplituda = hlasit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zvuk (m\u011b\u0159eno v decibelech, dB).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Barva (Zabarven\u00ed):<\/strong> Ur\u010duje ji spektrum slo\u017een\u00fdch kmit\u016f (harmonick\u00e9 frekvence), kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje rozeznat r\u016fzn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje nebo hlasy. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Mohlo by se hodit:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lightnote.co\/\">Zvukov\u00e9 vlny a hudba<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/musiclab.chromeexperiments.com\/\">Chrome Music Lab<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/meettechniek.info\/additional\/additive-synthesis.html\">Syntetiz\u00e1tor zvukov\u00fdch vln<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/javalab.org\/en\/spring_pendulum_en\/\">Interaktivn\u00ed kyvadlo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/samples.landr.com\/packs\/analog-noise-sounds\">\u0160um<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tonal.fm\/\">Gener\u00e1tor t\u00f3nu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zvuk je pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 vln\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00edm, jako je vzduch, voda nebo pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Jedn\u00e1 se o specifick\u00fd rozruch &#8211; pohyb \u010d\u00e1stic, kter\u00fd &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5180,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[91,85,17],"class_list":["post-3663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zvuk","tag-graf","tag-interaktivni-model","tag-video"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3663"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6488,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3663\/revisions\/6488"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5180"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}