{"id":102,"date":"2024-09-20T08:00:34","date_gmt":"2024-09-20T06:00:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=102"},"modified":"2025-03-26T10:51:21","modified_gmt":"2025-03-26T09:51:21","slug":"atom-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/?p=102","title":{"rendered":"ATOM"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Atom je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice, ze kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u0161echno kolem n\u00e1s. Samotn\u00fd atom d\u00e1le tvo\u0159\u00ed 3 men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice: PROTON, NEUTRON a ELEKTRON v <a href=\"\/fyzika\/?p=145\">r\u016fzn\u00e9m po\u010dtu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Proton s neutronem tvo\u0159\u00ed j\u00e1dro atomu. Kdybychom v\u00e1hu cel\u00e9ho atomu rozd\u011blili na 1000 jednotek, tak 999 z nich bude tvo\u0159it j\u00e1dro a pouze 1 z 1000 jednotek hmotnosti zab\u00edraj\u00ed elektrony. <\/p>\n<p>Elektron ob\u00edh\u00e1 j\u00e1dro. A to velmi daleko. Kdyby bylo j\u00e1dro velk\u00e9 1 mm, tak bychom prvn\u00ed elektron potkali a\u017e po 100 metrech. Tedy ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 100 000 x v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je velikost j\u00e1dra. Elektron je 1 000 x men\u0161\u00ed a 10 000 x leh\u010d\u00ed ne\u017e proton. <\/p>\n<p>Spr\u00e1vn\u011b bychom si elektron ale nem\u011bli p\u0159estavovat jako n\u011bjakou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dku. V tomto malink\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b toti\u017e v\u011bci vypadaj\u00ed a chovaj\u00ed se jinak, ne\u017e jak jsme tomu zvykl\u00ed z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. Elektron je ve skute\u010dnosti sp\u00ed\u0161e rozprost\u0159en\u00fd jako oblak v ur\u010dit\u00e9m prostoru. Pokud se bude pot\u0159ebovat p\u0159em\u00edstit, zformuje se tak, \u017ee p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stici. Po p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 tak, \u017ee zmiz\u00ed a objev\u00ed se jinde, zaujme zase sv\u016fj prostor.<\/p>\n<h2>Atom nen\u00ed ned\u011bliteln\u00fd<\/h2>\n<p>Atom poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u0159eck\u00e9ho slova &#8211; v p\u0159ekladu: <em>ned\u011bliteln\u00fd<\/em>. Dnes u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee ATOM nen\u00ed nejmen\u0161\u00ed a \u017ee v\u016fbec nen\u00ed pravda, \u017ee by se nedal d\u00e1le rozd\u011blit. D\u00edky pokus\u016fm v\u011bdc\u016f, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edhaj\u00ed n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek let u\u017e v\u00edme, \u017ee protony a neutrony se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stic. Dostali jm\u00e9no &#8211; KVARK. Kvark je 1 000 x men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e proton. A to nen\u00ed nav\u00edc zdaleka je\u0161t\u011b konec.<\/p>\n<p><em>Atom je nejmen\u0161\u00ed a ned\u011bliteln\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1stice z pohledu nejmen\u0161\u00ed stavebn\u00ed jednotky, ze kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 hmota. Pokud ho rozbijeme, vzniknou \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 samy o sob\u011b u\u017e hmotu budou tvo\u0159it jen velice t\u011b\u017eko a d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji se op\u011bt seskup\u00ed do jin\u00e9ho atomu.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pV822HfqT44\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Atom je velmi, velmi, velmi mal\u00fd<\/h2>\n<p>Proton, neutron, kvark a ostatn\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice nemohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edmo pozorov\u00e1ny. Jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9. O jejich existenci se v\u00ed d\u00edky pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed okol\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 reaguj\u00ed. Kdy\u017e p\u0159edstavil <a href=\"http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niels_Bohr\">Niels Bohr<\/a> na za\u010d\u00e1tku minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed model atomu, kter\u00fd dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me,  nebylo to d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee by ho spat\u0159il. Technologie t\u00e9 doby (1910-1920) by zdaleka nesta\u010dila. Ke sv\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru dosp\u011bl rovn\u011b\u017e pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm okol\u00ed a podobnost\u00ed. (Inspiroval ho ob\u011bh planet kolem Slunce.)<\/p>\n<p>To, co vid\u00edme na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch, jsou grafick\u00e1 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vytvo\u0159il \u010dlov\u011bk. Zat\u00edm neexistuje zp\u016fsob jak atom vyfotit a pod\u00edvat se na n\u011bj tak bl\u00edzko, abychom p\u0159esn\u011b vid\u011bli, jak to uvnit\u0159 vypad\u00e1. Realit\u011b se podobaj\u00ed, ale jsou jen n\u00e1\u010drtem toho, jak by to mohlo vypadat. <\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7WhRJV_bAiE\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>V\u0161echno co jste cht\u011bli v\u011bd\u011bt o atomu<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nLUspwYZI98?list=PLqmy0o96fQtB0jpks7qSSuDwJl1xNVD12\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Nov\u00fd atom<\/h2>\n<p>Nov\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed matematiky vesm\u00edru p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed o tomto z\u00e1kladn\u00edm stavebn\u00edm prvku p\u0159\u00edrody. Experimenty ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee elektrony, protony i neutrony dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vykazovat vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed <a href=\"\/fyzika\/?p=1828\">vln\u00e1m a vln\u011bn\u00ed<\/a>. Tomuto jevu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me dualita. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice existuje ve form\u011b vlny a v ur\u010dit\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se chovaj\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1stice.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak mal\u00fd je atom?<\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yQP4UJhNn0I\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atom je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed stavebn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice, ze kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u0161echno kolem n\u00e1s. Samotn\u00fd atom d\u00e1le tvo\u0159\u00ed 3 men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice: PROTON, NEUTRON a ELEKTRON v r\u016fzn\u00e9m &#8230;. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4462,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57,12],"tags":[6,17],"class_list":["post-102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6-rocnik","category-teleso-a-latka","tag-atom","tag-video"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/102\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4462"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zsvltava.cz\/fyzika\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}